Effects of Conception Using Assisted Reproductive Technologies on Infant Health and Development: An Evolutionary Perspective and Analysis Using UK Millennium Cohort Data

Abstract

Millions of infants around the world have been born as a result of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and in the past three decades ART has become increasingly effective and technologically sophisticated. At the same time, advances have been made in understanding the evolutionary biology of mate choice and post-copulatory processes. These advances have relevance for ART as ART methods to a greater or lesser extent circumvent potentially important natural processes determining which fertilized embryo is successfully implanted. Here, using UK Millennium cohort data, the hypothesis that ART methods which circumvent both natural in vivo selection of ova and sperm (for example in vitro fertilization) lead to poorer child health and developmental outcomes than ART methods in which fertilization occurs naturally after fertility treatment using drugs or diathermy. The results showed that both groups of ART were associated with the number of infant health problems from birth through the first week of life when compared with naturally conceived infants. Methods with artificial fertilization were associated with two of the four most common health conditions: respiratory distress (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.12-2.91) and infections (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.96-2.06). ART methods with artificial fertilization were associated with delayed achievement of developmental milestones at nine months, and when contrasted with ART using fertility drugs or diathermy only, were significantly more likely to be associated with slower child development. This suggests that evolved processes that determine which egg and sperm lead to successful pregnancy may be important for offspring quality as indicated by infant development. Clinically, the results suggest that women should avoid ART with artificial gamete selection if they can conceive using other ART methods.

Keywords: IVF; In vitro fertilization; developmental milestones; infections; mate choice; natural selection; reproduction; respiratory distress.

Figure 1

Forest plot visual summary of results of logistic regression models of the four most common health problems reported in the first week of post-natal life. The predictor variable shown is ART methods with natural fertilization (fertility drugs and diathermy). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are displayed.

Figure 2

Forest plot visual summary of results of logistic regression models of the four most common health problems reported in the first week of post-natal life. The predictor variable shown is ART methods with artificial fertilization (IUI, ICSI, GIFT, IVF and frozen embryo transfer). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are displayed.

Figure 3

Forest plot visual summary of results of sensitivity analyses of child development measures. The predictor variable shown is ART methods with natural fertilization (fertility drugs and diathermy). Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals are displayed.

Figure 4

Forest plot visual summary of results of sensitivity analyses of child development measures. The predictor variable shown is ART methods with artificial fertilization (IUI, ICSI, GIFT, IVF and frozen embryo transfer). Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals are displayed.