The biofilm eradication activity of acetic acid in the management of periprosthetic joint infection

Abstract

Objectives: Periprosthetic joint infection following joint arthroplasty surgery is one of the most feared complications. The key to successful revision surgery for periprosthetic joint infections, regardless of treatment strategy, is a thorough deep debridement. In an attempt to limit antimicrobial and disinfectant use, there has been increasing interest in the use of acetic acid as an adjunct to debridement in the management of periprosthetic joint infections. However, its effectiveness in the eradication of established biofilms following clinically relevant treatment times has not been established. Using an in vitro biofilm model, this study aimed to establish the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of acetic acid following a clinically relevant treatment time.

Materials and methods: Using a methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) reference strain and the dissolvable bead assay, biofilms were challenged by 0% to 20% acetic acid (pH 4.7) for ten minutes, 20 minutes, 180 minutes, and 24 hours.

Results: The MBEC of acetic acid was found to be: 15%, 11%, 3.2%, and 0.8% following a ten-minute, 20-minute, 180-minute, and 24-hour treatment, respectively.

Conclusion: This study found that the MBEC of acetic acid following a 10- or 20-minute treatment time exceeded its safety threshold, making these concentrations unsuitable as a topical debridement adjunct. However, a clinically acceptable concentration (5%) was still found to eliminate 96.1% of biofilm-associated MSSA following a 20-minute treatment time.Cite this article: S. T. J. Tsang, P. J. Gwynne, M. P. Gallagher, A. H. R. W. Simpson. The biofilm eradication activity of acetic acid in the management of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:517-523. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.78.BJR-2018-0045.R1.

Keywords: Acetic acid; Infection; Revision surgery.

Fig. 1

Box plot of biofilm S. aureus CFU/mL detected following a ten-minute exposure to acetic acid. Dashed line represents a 99.9% reduction. Solid line represents detection limit of assay.

Fig. 2

Box plot of biofilm S. aureus CFU/mL detected following a 20-minute exposure to acetic acid. Dashed line represents a 99.9% reduction. Solid line represents detection limit of assay.

Fig. 3

Box plot of biofilm S. aureus CFU/mL detected following a 180-minute exposure to acetic acid. Dashed line represents a 99.9% reduction. Solid line represents detection limit of assay.

Fig. 4

Box plot of biofilm S. aureus CFU/mL detected following a 24-hour exposure to acetic acid. Dashed line represents a 99.9% reduction. Solid line represents detection limit of assay.