Sex Differences in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts, Depression, and Psychological Distress Among Canadians
- PMID: 30260680
- PMCID: PMC6591888
- DOI: 10.1177/0706743718804542
Sex Differences in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts, Depression, and Psychological Distress Among Canadians
Erratum in
-
Corrigendum.Can J Psychiatry. 2019 Aug;64(8):586. doi: 10.1177/0706743719861084. Epub 2019 Jul 3. Can J Psychiatry. 2019. PMID: 31269810 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Abstract
Background: Depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders are leading causes of morbidity worldwide. The most commonly used illicit substance is cannabis and there is some evidence that the association between cannabis use and poor mental health is more pronounced among females compared with males. This analysis examines sex differences in the association between cannabis use and major depressive episode (MDE), suicidal thoughts and attempts, and psychological distress.
Methods: This study uses data from the 2002 and 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey's Mental Health Component, repeated cross-sectional surveys of nationally representative samples of Canadians 15 years of age and older ( n = 43,466). Linear and binary logistic regressions were performed, applying weighting and bootstrapping.
Results: There were significant sex differences in the strength of the association between cannabis use and suicidal thoughts and attempts and psychological distress, but not MDE. Females who reported using cannabis occasionally (defined as 1 to 4 times a month) reported higher levels of psychological distress than their male counterparts. Females who reported using regularly (defined as more than once per week) reported higher levels of psychological distress and were more likely to report suicidal thoughts and attempts.
Conclusions: Future research is needed to further our understanding of the nature of these sex differences. Public health messaging should incorporate being female as a potential risk factor for the co-occurrence of cannabis use and emotional problems, particularly at higher frequencies of use. Clinicians should also be aware of this association to better inform integrated mental health and substance use screening, discussions, and care, particularly for female patients.
Contexte:: La dépression, l’anxiété, et les troubles d’utilisation de substances sont les principales causes de la morbidité dans le monde entier. La substance illicite la plus communément utilisée est le cannabis et des données probantes laissent croire que l’association entre l’utilisation du cannabis et une mauvaise santé mentale est plus prononcée chez les femmes comparativement aux hommes. Cette analyse examine les différences entre les sexes dans l’association entre l’utilisation du cannabis et l’épisode dépressif majeur (EDM), les pensées et les tentatives de suicide, et la détresse psychologique.
Méthodes:: Cette étude utilise des données de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes – Santé mentale de 2002 et 2012, des enquêtes transversales répétées menées auprès d’échantillons représentatifs à l’échelle nationale de Canadiens âgés de 15 ans et plus (n = 43 466). Des régressions logistiques linéaires et binaires ont été exécutées à l’aide de la pondération et de la méthode du bootstrap.
Résultats:: Il y avait des différences significatives entre les sexes dans la force de l’association entre l’utilisation du cannabis et les pensées et tentatives de suicide, et la détresse psychologique, mais pas l’EDM. Les femmes qui déclaraient utiliser du cannabis occasionnellement (défini comme étant de 1 à 4 fois par semaine) mentionnaient des degrés plus élevés de détresse psychologique que leurs homologues masculins. Les femmes qui déclaraient utiliser du cannabis régulièrement (défini comme étant plus d’une fois par semaine) mentionnaient des degrés plus élevés de détresse psychologique et étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer des pensées et tentatives de suicide.
Conclusions:: Une recherche future est nécessaire pour mieux comprendre la nature de ces différences entre les sexes. Les messages de la santé publique devraient faire état que le sexe féminin est un facteur de risque potentiel de la cooccurrence de l’utilisation du cannabis et des problèmes émotionnels, particulièrement à des fréquences d’utilisation plus élevées. Les cliniciens devraient également être conscients de cette association afin de mieux éclairer le dépistage intégré de la santé mentale et de l’utilisation de substance, les discussions, et les soins, en particulier pour les patientes.
Keywords: cannabis; depression; gender; psychological distress; sex; suicide.
Conflict of interest statement
Comment in
-
Cannabis and Mental Health: Insights from Canadian Research.Can J Psychiatry. 2019 May;64(5):302-303. doi: 10.1177/0706743719835844. Can J Psychiatry. 2019. PMID: 31095434 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Similar articles
-
Temporal Changes in the Cross-Sectional Associations between Cannabis Use, Suicidal Ideation, and Depression in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Adults in 2012 Compared to 2002.Can J Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;65(2):115-123. doi: 10.1177/0706743719854071. Epub 2019 Jun 9. Can J Psychiatry. 2020. PMID: 31177831 Free PMC article.
-
Does cannabis use modify the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on severe depression and suicidal ideation? Evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study of Canadians.J Psychopharmacol. 2020 Feb;34(2):181-188. doi: 10.1177/0269881119882806. Epub 2019 Nov 5. J Psychopharmacol. 2020. PMID: 31684805
-
Relationship between marijuana and other illicit drug use and depression/suicidal thoughts among late middle-aged and older adults.Int Psychogeriatr. 2016 Apr;28(4):577-89. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001738. Epub 2015 Nov 6. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016. PMID: 26542746
-
Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 1;76(4):426-434. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019. PMID: 30758486 Free PMC article.
-
Cannabis Use as a Risk Factor for Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality: Epidemiological Associations and Implications for Nurses.J Addict Nurs. 2020 Apr/Jun;31(2):92-101. doi: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000334. J Addict Nurs. 2020. PMID: 32487935 Review.
Cited by
-
Suicidal ideation among Canadian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of psychosocial factors and substance use behaviours.BMC Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 16;22(1):711. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04353-9. BMC Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 36384538 Free PMC article.
-
Trends in Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations in Arizona From 2016 to 2021 and Associations With Mental Health-Related Hospitalizations.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2025 May;86(3):436-445. doi: 10.15288/jsad.23-00379. Epub 2024 Sep 27. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2025. PMID: 39330945
-
The relationship between depressed affect, parental monitoring, and sex on cannabis use among American Indian youth.Am J Addict. 2023 Jul;32(4):402-409. doi: 10.1111/ajad.13416. Epub 2023 Apr 8. Am J Addict. 2023. PMID: 36959723 Free PMC article.
-
Cannabis and Mental Health: Insights from Canadian Research.Can J Psychiatry. 2019 May;64(5):302-303. doi: 10.1177/0706743719835844. Can J Psychiatry. 2019. PMID: 31095434 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
-
Changes in patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores in adults with medical authorization for cannabis.BMC Public Health. 2020 Jun 23;20(1):987. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09089-3. BMC Public Health. 2020. PMID: 32576158 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Rush B, Urbanoski K, Bassani D, et al. Prevalence of co-occurring substance use and other mental disorders in the Canadian population. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(12):800–809. - PubMed
-
- Lev-Ran S, Le Foll B, McKenzie K, et al. Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(6):589–598. - PubMed
-
- Government of Canada. Legalizing and strictly regulating cannabis: the facts Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2017.
-
- Hango D, LaRochelle-Côté S. Association between the frequency of cannabis use and selected social indicators. Insights on Canadian Society. 2018. [accessed 2018 Sept 21]; Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X; https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2018001/article/54968-eng.htm.
-
- Hernandez-Avila CA, Rounsaville BJ, Kranzler HR. Opioid-, cannabis- and alcohol-dependent women show more rapid progression to substance abuse treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;74(3):265–272. - PubMed
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical