Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Jun 25;3(3):72.
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030072.

Coverage, Timelines, and Determinants of Incomplete Immunization in Bangladesh

Nurnabi Sheikh  1 , Marufa Sultana  2   3 , Nausad Ali  4 , Raisul Akram  5 , Rashidul Alam Mahumud  6   7 , Muhammad Asaduzzaman  8 , Abdur Razzaque Sarker  9   10
Affiliations

Coverage, Timelines, and Determinants of Incomplete Immunization in Bangladesh

Nurnabi Sheikh et al. Trop Med Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Immunization has become one of the major contributors to public health globally as it prevents communicable disease, particularly in children. The objective of this study was to estimate the extent of timely immunization coverage and to investigate the determinants of incomplete and untimely vaccination.

Methods: The study used data from the latest Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) 2014. A total sample of 1631 children aged 12⁻23 months who had an Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) card and immunization history were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the significant influencing factors on untimely vaccination (BCG, pentavalent vaccine/OPV, and measles) and incomplete vaccination. The results were presented in terms of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level p < 0.05.

Results: The proportions of children who received timely vaccinations were 24% for BCG, 46% for pentavalent 3, and 53% for measles, whereas 76%, 51%, and 36% children failed to receive the BCG, pentavalent 3, and measles vaccines, respectively, in a timely manner. The proportion of early vaccination was 3% for pentavalent 3 and 12% for measles. Several significant influencing factors including age, maternal education and working status, awareness of community clinics, socioeconomic status, and geographic variation significantly contributed to untimely and incomplete vaccination of children in Bangladesh.

Conclusions: The study identified some key determinants of untimely and incomplete childhood vaccinations in the context of Bangladesh. The findings will contribute to the improvement of age-specific vaccination and support policy makers in taking the necessary control strategies with respect to delayed and early vaccination in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh; childhood disease; immunization; low vaccination coverage; timeliness.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Vaccination status across divisions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Keja K., Chan C., Hayden G., Henderson R. Expanded programme on immunization. World Health Stat. Q. 1988;41:59–63. - PubMed
    1. Goldie S.J., O’Shea M., Diaz M., Kim S.Y. Benefits, cost requirements and cost-effectiveness of the HPV16,18 vaccine for cervical cancer prevention in developing countries: Policy implications. Reprod. Health Matters. 2008;16:86–96. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(08)32409-4. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Andre F.E., Booy R., Bock H.L., Clemens J., Datta S.K., John T.J., Lee B.W., Lolekha S., Peltola H., Ruff T.A., et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008;86:140–146. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.040089. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Levin A., Kaddar M. Role of the private sector in the provision of immunization services in low- and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26:4–12. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czr037. - DOI - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization (WHO) Immunization Surveillance, Assessment and Monitoring. World Health Organization; Washington, DC, USA: 2014.

LinkOut - more resources