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Review
. 2018 Oct 1;20(11):123.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-018-1049-9.

Long Working Hours and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Marianna Virtanen  1   2 , Mika Kivimäki  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Long Working Hours and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Marianna Virtanen et al. Curr Cardiol Rep. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: To summarize the evidence on the relationship between long working hours and cardiovascular disease, such as coronary heart disease and stroke.

Recent findings: Large-scale meta-analyses with published and individual participant observational data on more than 740,000 men and women free of cardiovascular disease report a link between long working hours (≥ 55 h a week) and the onset of cardiovascular events. Our meta-analytic update of summary evidence suggests a 1.12-fold (95% CI 1.03-1.21) increased risk associated with coronary heart disease and a 1.21-fold (95% CI 1.01-1.45) increased risk of stroke, although the evidence is somewhat inconsistent and the possibility of residual confounding and bias cannot be ruled out. Few studies have examined the mechanisms which may be stress-related, behavioral, or biological. The recent pooled analyses suggest that increased cardiac electric instability and hypercoagulability might play a role. The evidence that long working hours are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is accumulating and suggests a small risk. Studies on the effects of long working hours in high-risk populations and those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, mechanistic research, and intervention studies are needed to advance this research field.

Keywords: Cardiovascular; Ischemic heart disease; Meta-analysis; Review; Stroke; Working hours.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

Marianna Virtanen and Mika Kivimäki declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article is based on published papers and does not contain any examination with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Results from random effects meta-analyses for the association between long working hours and the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke, including the studies participating in the IPD-Work Consortium (22 cohort studies for coronary heart disease, 14 for stroke [••]) and findings from the Danish Labour Force Survey (Hannerz et al. 2018 [•, •])
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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