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Review
. 2018 Oct 3;19(10):3014.
doi: 10.3390/ijms19103014.

Molecular and Immunohistochemical Markers with Prognostic and Predictive Significance in Liver Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma

Gianluca Lopez  1 , Francesca Boggio  2 , Stefano Ferrero  3   4 , Nicola Fusco  5   6 , Alessandro Del Gobbo  7
Affiliations
Review

Molecular and Immunohistochemical Markers with Prognostic and Predictive Significance in Liver Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma

Gianluca Lopez et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Despite the significant recent achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), the prognosis of these patients has currently plateaued. During the past few years, the opportunity to consider multiple treatment modalities (including surgery and other locoregional treatments, systemic therapy, and targeted therapy) led to the research of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC liver metastases (CRCLM) patients. In this review, we seek to describe the current state of knowledge of CRCLM biomarkers and to outline impending clinical perspectives, in particular focusing on the cutting-edge tools available for their characterization.

Keywords: biomarkers; colorectal cancer; immunohistochemistry; liver metastases; molecular markers; predictive; prognostic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Oncoprint visualization of highly recurrent somatic molecular alterations by frequency in colorectal cancer liver metastases (313 patients, 319 samples from cBioPortal). Each row represents a gene, as reported on the left; types of alterations are color-coded on the basis of the legend on the bottom.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Domain structure and gene alterations of the 12 most frequently altered genes in colorectal cancer liver metastases (312 patients, 318 samples from cBioPortal). Mutation types are color-coded on the basis of the legend at the bottom.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Network of the interactions between the most frequently altered genes in colorectal cancer liver metastases (highlighted in bold) and other cancer genes. Interaction types (arrows and lines) are color-coded on the basis of the legend at the top right.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Overall survival of 312 colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases based on SMAD4 (A) and BRAF (B) gene alterations. Survival curves are built according to the Kaplan–Meier method. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Network are publicly available at cbioportal.org.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Flowchart of study design.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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