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. 2018 Sep 27;10(6):57-69.
doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v10.i6.57.

Systematic review of cystic duct closure techniques in relation to prevention of bile duct leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Aafke H van Dijk  1 , Stijn van Roessel  2 , Philip R de Reuver  3 , Djamila Boerma  4 , Marja A Boermeester  2 , Sandra C Donkervoort  5
Affiliations

Systematic review of cystic duct closure techniques in relation to prevention of bile duct leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Aafke H van Dijk et al. World J Gastrointest Surg. .

Abstract

Aim: To study the effect of different techniques of cystic duct closure on bile leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for biliary disease.

Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane and EMBASE was performed. Rate of cystic duct leakage (CDL) was the primary outcome. Risk of bias was evaluated. Odds ratios were analyzed for comparison of techniques and pooled event rates for non-comparative analyses. Pooled event rates were compared for each of included techniques.

Results: Out of 1491 articles, 38 studies were included. A total of 47491 patients were included, of which 38683 (81.5%) underwent cystic duct closure with non-locking (metal) clips. All studies were of low-moderate methodological quality. Only two studies reported separate data on uncomplicated and complicated gallbladder disease. For overall CDL, an odds ratio of 0.4 (95%CI: 0.06-2.48) was found for harmonic energy vs clip closure and an odds ratio of 0.17 (95%CI: 0.03-0.93) for locking vs non-locking clips. Pooled CDL rate was around 1% for harmonic energy and metal clips, and 0% for locking clips and ligatures.

Conclusion: Based on available evidence it is not possible to either recommend or discourage any of the techniques for cystic duct closure during LC with respects to CDL, although data point out a slight preference for locking clips and ligatures vs other techniques. No separate recommendation can be made for complicated gallbladder disease.

Keywords: Biliary surgery; Cholecystectomy; Cystic duct leakage; Outcomes; Prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflicts of interests or disclosures.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram of the inclusion process (last search July 5, 2018).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk of bias of included randomized comparative studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot on the comparison of harmonic scalpel and metal clips on cystic duct leakage.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot on the comparison locking and non-locking clips on cystic duct leakage.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of cystic duct leakage following the application of metal clips. CDL: Cystic duct leakage.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Forest plot of cystic duct leakage following the application of harmonic scalpel/shears. CDL: Cystic duct leakage.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot of cystic duct leakage following the application of ligature. CDL: Cystic duct leakage.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Forest plot of cystic duct leakage following the application of locking clips. CDL: Cystic duct leakage.
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