Corrigendum to "Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination" [Heliyon 4 (2018) e00603]

Abstract

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00603.].

Figure 8

Motion of President Kennedy's head relative to the rear of the seat of the limousine determined from the Zapruder Film : (a) position of the President's head relative to the rear seat as originally published by Josiah Thompson and William Hoffman [1, p. 274], with red data points showing impulse and recoil (cf. Figure 7) model-predicted values from a hypothesized frontal shot assuming the same weapon (as discussed in the text), (b) first-order change in position calculated as Δx = x_i+1 − x_i, where i is the frame number, and (c) second-order change of position calculated as Δ(Δx)=Δx_i+2 − Δx_i+1. Error bars denote uncertainty estimates based on those given in [1, p. 276] (a), and propagated through the first- (b) and second-order differences (c). The rightmost y-axis shows approximate elapsed time in seconds, and the top x-axis shows distances in centimeters. The dotted lines show cubic-interpolated and smoothed (10-point Gaussian-weighted moving average) data; note that there was no data point at Z318 due to blurring of the frame from camera jiggle.

Supplementary Figure 7

Calculated recoil displacements ΔX_r (inches per Zapruder frame) using Eq. (27) for assumed exhaust jet/spray velocities (in accordance with Eq. (32) and Itek Corporation's median observed value of 87 mph or ≈3900 cm/s [4, p. 62]), v_s = 3400,3700 and 4000 cm/s (left to right), and brain masses M_B = 1500,1650 and 1800 g (top to bottom). The abscissa and ordinate of each plot are the assumed mean elevation angles and mass of the spray, θ and δm, respectively. To obtain the actual change in position of the President's head from Z313 to Z314, these values would be added to the observed speed of the forward head-snap between Z312 and Z313, namely ≈2.0–2.5 inches per Zapruder frame , .