Experimental evidence for reduced male allocation under selfing in a simultaneously hermaphroditic animal

Abstract

Self-fertilization is widespread among simultaneously hermaphroditic animals and plants, but is often only facultatively deployed under circumstances that constrain outcrossing. A central prediction of sex allocation (SA) theory is that because exclusive selfing reduces sperm or pollen competition to zero, this should favour extreme economy in resources channelled to the male sex function. We can therefore expect that organisms switching from outcrossing to selfing should reduce their male allocation. However, to date this prediction has received relatively little support in animal taxa, especially compared to plants. Here we show that isolated individuals (under enforced selfing conditions) have a less male-biased SA than do grouped conspecifics (under outcrossing conditions) in the preferentially outcrossing flatworm Macrostomum hystrix This shift arises from a reduced male allocation (testis area) in isolated individuals, although we did not find any evidence for a re-allocation of these resources to the female sex function (i.e. ovary area was unaffected by selfing/outcrossing conditions). Our results provide some of the clearest experimental evidence to date for reduced male allocation under selfing in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals, extending previous findings comparing SA between populations differing in selfing rates to the level of individual plasticity in gametogenesis.

Keywords: phenotypic plasticity; self-fertilization; sex allocation; simultaneous hermaphroditism; sperm competition.

Figure 1.

SA plasticity under selfing versus outcrossing conditions in Macrostomum hystrix. The boxplots depict (a) SA, (b) testis size and (c) ovary size of M. hystrix measured under three different social environments differing in the opportunity for outcrossing and sperm competition level. See main text for details and test statistics. (Online version in colour.)