Predictors of resistant alcohol withdrawal (RAW): A retrospective case-control study

Abstract

Background: Benzodiazepine-resistant alcohol withdrawal (RAW), defined by a requirement of ≥ 40 mg of diazepam in 1 h, represents a severe form of withdrawal without predictive parameters. This study was designed to identify risk factors associated with RAW versus withdrawal without benzodiazepine resistance (nRAW).

Methods: A retrospective cohort of adults with severe alcohol withdrawal were screened. Demographic and clinical variables, collected through chart review, underwent logistic regression to select the subset that predicst RAW.

Results: 736 patients (515 nRAW, 221 RAW) were analyzed. RAW patients were younger (P < 0.001), male (P = 0.008) Caucasians (P = 0.037) with histories of psychiatric illness (P < 0.001), higher serum ethanol concentrations (P < 0.007), and abnormal liver enzymes (P = 0.01). RAW patients had significantly lower platelets (P < 0.001), chloride (P = 0.02), and potassium (P = 0.01) levels; severity of illness (SAPSII) (P < 0.001) and comorbidity scores (P < 0.001). Caucasian race and male gender were found to be 3.6 and 2.6 times more likely to be RAW. For every 1-unit increase in comorbidity and severity of illness scores, patients were 22% [OR(95% CI) 0.78 (0.66-0.90)] and 4% [0.96 (0.93-0.98)] less likely to be RAW. Patients with a psychiatric history or thrombocytopenia were 2 times more likely [2.02 (1.24-3.30); 2.13 (1.31-3.50), respectively] to be RAW.

Conclusion: These data demonstrate the predictive ability of a history of psychiatric illness, thrombocytopenia, gender, race, baseline severity of illness and comorbidity scores for developing RAW. Considering these characteristics in early withdrawal management may prevent progression to RAW outcomes.

Keywords: Alcohol-induced disorders; Alcoholism; Psychoses; Risk factors; Substance withdrawal syndrome; Substance-induced.