Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018

doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087

Review

. 2018 Nov;121(5):1005-1012.

doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018

L Evered¹, B Silbert², D S Knopman³, D A Scott², S T DeKosky⁴, L S Rasmussen⁵, E S Oh⁶, G Crosby⁷, M Berger⁸, R G Eckenhoff⁹; Nomenclature Consensus Working Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Nomenclature Consensus Working Group:
Lisbeth Evered¹⁰, Roderic G Eckenhoff¹¹, David Ames¹², Alex Bekker¹³, Miles Berger⁸, Deborah Blacker¹⁴, Jeffrey Browndyke¹⁵, Greg Crosby⁷, Stacie G Deiner¹⁶, Diederik van Dijk¹⁷, Steven T DeKosky¹⁸, Maryellen F Eckenhoff¹¹, Lars Eriksson¹⁹, Dougas Galasko²⁰, Kirk Hogan²¹, Sharon Inouye²², David Knopman³, Constantine Lyketsos²³, Edward Marcantonio²⁴, Paul Maruff²⁵, Mervyn Maze²⁶, Esther Oh²⁷, Beverley A Orser²⁸, Thomas Ottens²⁹, Catherine Price³⁰, Lars S Rasmussen³¹, Perminder Sachdev³², Katie Schenning³³, David A Scott¹⁰, Frederick E Seiber³⁴, Brendan Silbert¹⁰, Jeff Silverstein³⁵, Jacob Steinmetz³⁶, Niccolo Terrando³⁷, Paula Trzapacz³⁸, Rob Whittington³⁹, Zhongcong Xie⁴⁰

Affiliations

¹ St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: lis.evered@svha.org.au.
² St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
³ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴ Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ Department of Anaesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸ Neurologic Outcomes Research Group, Anesthesiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰ St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne & University of Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹² University of Melbourne, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Melbourne Australia.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
¹⁴ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Behavioral Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹⁸ McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA.
¹⁹ Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
²¹ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA.
²² Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁴ Harvard Medical School, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁷ Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Balt, MD, USA.
²⁸ University of Toronto, Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada.
²⁹ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
³⁰ Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, FL, USA.
³¹ Department of Anaesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine & Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
³³ Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³⁴ Department of Anaesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
³⁶ Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁷ Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
³⁸ Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
³⁹ Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Harvard Medical School, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.

PMID: 30336844
PMCID: PMC7069032
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087

Review

Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018

L Evered et al. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Nov.

. 2018 Nov;121(5):1005-1012.

doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Authors

L Evered¹, B Silbert², D S Knopman³, D A Scott², S T DeKosky⁴, L S Rasmussen⁵, E S Oh⁶, G Crosby⁷, M Berger⁸, R G Eckenhoff⁹; Nomenclature Consensus Working Group

Collaborators

Nomenclature Consensus Working Group:
Lisbeth Evered¹⁰, Roderic G Eckenhoff¹¹, David Ames¹², Alex Bekker¹³, Miles Berger⁸, Deborah Blacker¹⁴, Jeffrey Browndyke¹⁵, Greg Crosby⁷, Stacie G Deiner¹⁶, Diederik van Dijk¹⁷, Steven T DeKosky¹⁸, Maryellen F Eckenhoff¹¹, Lars Eriksson¹⁹, Dougas Galasko²⁰, Kirk Hogan²¹, Sharon Inouye²², David Knopman³, Constantine Lyketsos²³, Edward Marcantonio²⁴, Paul Maruff²⁵, Mervyn Maze²⁶, Esther Oh²⁷, Beverley A Orser²⁸, Thomas Ottens²⁹, Catherine Price³⁰, Lars S Rasmussen³¹, Perminder Sachdev³², Katie Schenning³³, David A Scott¹⁰, Frederick E Seiber³⁴, Brendan Silbert¹⁰, Jeff Silverstein³⁵, Jacob Steinmetz³⁶, Niccolo Terrando³⁷, Paula Trzapacz³⁸, Rob Whittington³⁹, Zhongcong Xie⁴⁰

Affiliations

¹ St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: lis.evered@svha.org.au.
² St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
³ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴ Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ Department of Anaesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸ Neurologic Outcomes Research Group, Anesthesiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰ St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne & University of Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹² University of Melbourne, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Melbourne Australia.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
¹⁴ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Behavioral Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹⁸ McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA.
¹⁹ Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
²¹ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA.
²² Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁴ Harvard Medical School, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁷ Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Balt, MD, USA.
²⁸ University of Toronto, Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada.
²⁹ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
³⁰ Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, FL, USA.
³¹ Department of Anaesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine & Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
³³ Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³⁴ Department of Anaesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
³⁶ Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁷ Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
³⁸ Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
³⁹ Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Harvard Medical School, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.

PMID: 30336844
PMCID: PMC7069032
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087

Abstract

Cognitive change affecting patients after anaesthesia and surgery has been recognised for more than 100 yr. Research into cognitive change after anaesthesia and surgery accelerated in the 1980s when multiple studies utilised detailed neuropsychological testing for assessment of cognitive change after cardiac surgery. This body of work consistently documented decline in cognitive function in elderly patients after anaesthesia and surgery, and cognitive changes have been identified up to 7.5 yr afterwards. Importantly, other studies have identified that the incidence of cognitive change is similar after non-cardiac surgery. Other than the inclusion of non-surgical control groups to calculate postoperative cognitive dysfunction, research into these cognitive changes in the perioperative period has been undertaken in isolation from cognitive studies in the general population. The aim of this work is to develop similar terminology to that used in cognitive classifications of the general population for use in investigations of cognitive changes after anaesthesia and surgery. A multispecialty working group followed a modified Delphi procedure with no prespecified number of rounds comprised of three face-to-face meetings followed by online editing of draft versions. Two major classification guidelines [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) and National Institute for Aging and the Alzheimer Association (NIA-AA)] are used outside of anaesthesia and surgery, and may be useful for inclusion of biomarkers in research. For clinical purposes, it is recommended to use the DSM-5 nomenclature. The working group recommends that 'perioperative neurocognitive disorders' be used as an overarching term for cognitive impairment identified in the preoperative or postoperative period. This includes cognitive decline diagnosed before operation (described as neurocognitive disorder); any form of acute event (postoperative delirium) and cognitive decline diagnosed up to 30 days after the procedure (delayed neurocognitive recovery) and up to 12 months (postoperative neurocognitive disorder).

Keywords: cognition disorders; delirium; neurocognitive disorders; postoperative complications.

Copyright © 2018 Jointly by the British Journal of Anaesthesia, American Society of Anesthesiologists Inc, Wolters Kluwer Health Inc, International Anesthestic Research Society, Canadian Anesthesiologist’s Society, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation, and IOS Press., Jointly by the British Journal of Anaesthesia, American Society of Anesthesiologists Inc, International Anesthesia Research Society, Canadian Anesthesiologist’s Society, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation, and IOS Press. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors L.E., R.G.E., D.S.K., D.A.S., B.S., E.S.O., D.A., A.B., D.B., S.G.D., D.v.D., M.F.E., D.G., K.H., S.I., E.M., P.M., B.A.O., T.O., C.P., P.S., K.S., F.E.S., J.S., N.T., P.T., R.W., and Z.X. declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

M.B.: unrelated funding from Minnetronix Inc.; material support from Masimo; Associate Editor Journal of Alzheimer's Disease; participated in activities of the ASA BHI.

G.C.: Editor of Anesthesia & Analgesia; Editor of Journal of Clinical Anesthesia.

S.T.D.K.: previously consulted for Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Acumen, Cognition Therapeutics, Amgen.

L.S.R.: editorial board member Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica; wife received research funding and lecture fees from Merck.

L. E.: shareholder of Alphasyx Inc.

J.B.: payments and travel funding for consultancy from Claret Medical Inc.

M.M.: cofounded NeuroproteXeon, received founders' stock and stock options; previously consulted for Masimo.

C.L.: grant support from Forest, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Eisai, Pfizer, Astra-Zenica, Lilly, Ortho-McNeil, Bristol-Myers, Novartis, NFL Benefits Office, Elan, Functional Neuromodulation. Consultant/Advisor for: Astra-Zenica, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Eisai, Novartis, Forest, Supernus, Adlyfe, Takeda, Wyeth, Lundbeck, Merz, Lilly, Pfizer, Genentach, Elan, NFL Players Association, NFL Benefits Office, Avamir, Zinfandel, BMS, Abvie, Janssen, Orion, Otsuka, Astellas.

Comment in

Aligning nomenclature for cognitive changes associated with anaesthesia and surgery with broader diagnostic classifications of non-surgical populations: a needed first step.
Hogue CW, Grafman J. Hogue CW, et al. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Nov;121(5):991-993. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.029. Epub 2018 Jan 17. Br J Anaesth. 2018. PMID: 30336869 No abstract available.
Defining perioperative neurocognitive disorders: still more to clarify.
Çizmeci EA, Slooter AJC. Çizmeci EA, et al. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Sep;123(3):e468. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.05.037. Epub 2019 Jun 24. Br J Anaesth. 2019. PMID: 31248643 No abstract available.

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References

1. Moller J.T., Cluitmans P., Rasmussen L.S. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351:857–861. - PubMed
1. Evered L., Scott D.A., Silbert B., Maruff P. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1179–1185. - PubMed
1. Mathew J.P., Mackensen G.B., Phillips-Bute B. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study of neuroprotection with lidocaine in cardiac surgery. Stroke. 2009;40:880–887. - PMC - PubMed
1. Evered L.A., Silbert B.S., Scott D.A., Maruff P., Ames D. Prevalence of dementia 7.5 years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesthesiology. 2016;125:62–71. - PubMed
1. Monk T.G., Saini V., Weldon B.C., Sigl J.C. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:4–10. - PubMed

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[1] Moller J.T., Cluitmans P., Rasmussen L.S. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351:857–861. - PubMed

[2] Moller J.T., Cluitmans P., Rasmussen L.S. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351:857–861. - PubMed

[3] Evered L., Scott D.A., Silbert B., Maruff P. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1179–1185. - PubMed

[4] Evered L., Scott D.A., Silbert B., Maruff P. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1179–1185. - PubMed

[5] Mathew J.P., Mackensen G.B., Phillips-Bute B. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study of neuroprotection with lidocaine in cardiac surgery. Stroke. 2009;40:880–887. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Mathew J.P., Mackensen G.B., Phillips-Bute B. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study of neuroprotection with lidocaine in cardiac surgery. Stroke. 2009;40:880–887. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Evered L.A., Silbert B.S., Scott D.A., Maruff P., Ames D. Prevalence of dementia 7.5 years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesthesiology. 2016;125:62–71. - PubMed

[8] Evered L.A., Silbert B.S., Scott D.A., Maruff P., Ames D. Prevalence of dementia 7.5 years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesthesiology. 2016;125:62–71. - PubMed

[9] Monk T.G., Saini V., Weldon B.C., Sigl J.C. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:4–10. - PubMed

[10] Monk T.G., Saini V., Weldon B.C., Sigl J.C. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:4–10. - PubMed

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Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018

Collaborators

Affiliations

Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Comment in

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