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. 2019 Aug;73(8):1133-1140.
doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0346-0. Epub 2018 Oct 19.

Coffee consumption and liver-related hospitalizations and deaths in the ARIC study

Emily A Hu  1   2 , Mariana Lazo  1   2 , Elizabeth Selvin  1   2 , James P Hamilton  3 , Morgan E Grams  1   4 , Lyn M Steffen  5 , Josef Coresh  1   2 , Casey M Rebholz  6   7
Affiliations

Coffee consumption and liver-related hospitalizations and deaths in the ARIC study

Emily A Hu et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Aug.

Abstract

Background/objectives: Coffee consumption has been found to be associated with reduced risk of chronic conditions such as liver disease. However, less is known about the association between coffee and liver-related hospitalizations and deaths.

Subjects/methods: We conducted a prospective analysis on 14,208 participants aged 45-64 years from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Coffee consumption (cups/day) was assessed using food frequency questionnaires at visit 1 (1987-89) and visit 3 (1993-95). Liver-related hospitalizations were defined as a hospitalization with any International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code related to liver disease identified through cohort surveillance. Liver-related death was defined as any death with a liver disease ICD-9 code listed anywhere on the death certificate form.

Results: There were 833 incident cases of liver-related hospitalizations over a median follow-up of 24 years and 152 liver-related deaths over a median follow-up of 25 years. Participants who were in the highest category of coffee consumption (≥ 3 cups/day) were more likely to be men, whites, current smokers, and current alcohol drinkers. In our fully adjusted model, consuming ≥ 3 cups/day of coffee was significantly associated with a reduced risk of liver-related hospitalizations compared with never drinkers (hazard ratio: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63-0.99). There were no significant associations between coffee consumption and liver-related deaths after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions: Coffee drinkers may be at lower risk for liver-related hospitalizations. This supports current evidence that low and moderate levels of coffee may be protective to the liver.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of selection of ARIC study participants for the present study Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BMI, body mass index; DASH; Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Adjusteda hazard ratios for liver-related hospitalization comparing ≥3 cups/d to never drinker category for the overall study population and according to population subgroups Dots represent hazard ratios and lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Hazard ratios (on logarithmic scale) for liver-related hospitalizations are presented for 3 or more cups of coffee per day versus never. aAdjusted for total energy intake, age, sex, race-center, education level, smoking, physical activity, alcohol status, DASH diet score, and BMI (Model 3). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DASH; Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
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