Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Oct 19;5(1):46.
doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0161-5.

Accuracy and reliability of knee goniometry methods

Graeme Ethan Hancock  1 , Tracey Hepworth  2 , Kevin Wembridge  2
Affiliations

Accuracy and reliability of knee goniometry methods

Graeme Ethan Hancock et al. J Exp Orthop. .

Abstract

Background: Measuring knee range of motion is important in examination and as a post-operative outcome. It is therefore important that measurements are accurate. Knee angles can be measured by traditional goniometers, smartphone apps are readily available and there are also purpose made digital devices. Establishing the minimum difference between methods is essential to monitor change. The purpose of this study was to assess reliability and minimum significant difference of visual estimation, short and long arm goniometers, a smartphone application and a digital inclinometer.

Methods: Knee angles were assessed by 3 users: one consultant orthopaedic surgeon, one orthopaedic surgical trainee and an experienced physiotherapist. All 5 methods were used to assess 3 knee angles, plus full active flexion and extension, on 6 knees. The subjects had knee angles fixed using limb supports during measurement, whilst maintaining appropriate clearance to allow a reproduction of assessment in clinic. Users were then blinded to their results and the test was repeated. A total of 300 measurements were taken.

Results: Inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were high for all methods (all > 0.99 and > 0.98 respectively). The digital inclinometer was the most accurate method of assessment (6° minimum significant difference). The long arm goniometer had a minimum significant different of 10°, smartphone app 12° and both visual estimation and short arm goniometry were found to be equally inaccurate (14° minimum significant difference).

Conclusion: The digital inclinometer was the most accurate method of knee angle measurement, followed by the long arm goniometer. Visual estimation and short goniometers should not be used if an accurate assessment is required.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained through an IRAS application to the Health Research Authority ID 227293.

Consent for publication

Was obtained from all subjects involved.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Use of a short arm goniometer for knee angle measurement (subject supine on an operating table with a 90 degree support under the knee)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Technique for measuring maximal flexion
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Technique for measuring full extension (long arm goniometer used)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Use of laser projection with Halo Digital Goniometer
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Reading provided after measurement by Halo Digital Goniometer
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Brosseau L, Balmer S, Tousignant M, O'Sullivan JP, Goudreault C, Goudreault M, et al. Intra-and intertester reliability and criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for measuring maximum active knee flexion and extension of patients with knee restrictions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:396–402. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.19250. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cleffken B, van Breukelen G, Brink P, van Mameren H, Damink SO. Digital goniometric measurement of knee joint motion. Evaluation of usefulness for research settings and clinical practice. Knee. 2007;14:385–389. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2007.07.004. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dietz MJ, Sprando D, Hanselman AE, Regier MD, Frye BM. Smartphone assessment of knee flexion compared to radiographic standards. Knee. 2017;24:224–230. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2016.11.014. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Edwards JZ, Greene KA, Davis RS, Kovacik MW, Noe DA, Askew MJ. Measuring flexion in knee arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplast. 2004;19:369–372. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2003.12.001. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ferriero G, Vercelli S, Sartorio F, Lasa SM, Ilieva E, Brigatti E, et al. Reliability of a smartphone-based goniometer for knee joint goniometry. Int J Rehabil Res. 2013;36:146–151. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32835b8269. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources