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Review
. 2018 Oct 24;19(11):3308.
doi: 10.3390/ijms19113308.

Additive Manufacturing for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Perspective for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation

Patrick Rider  1 , Željka Perić Kačarević  2 , Said Alkildani  3 , Sujith Retnasingh  4 , Reinhard Schnettler  5 , Mike Barbeck  6
Affiliations
Review

Additive Manufacturing for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Perspective for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation

Patrick Rider et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become an important tool in the field of tissue engineering and its further development will lead to completely new clinical possibilities. The ability to create tissue scaffolds with controllable characteristics, such as internal architecture, porosity, and interconnectivity make it highly desirable in comparison to conventional techniques, which lack a defined structure and repeatability between scaffolds. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the production of scaffolds with patient-specific dimensions using computer-aided design. The availability of commercially available 3D printed permanent implants is on the rise; however, there are yet to be any commercially available biodegradable/bioresorbable devices. This review will compare the main 3D printing techniques of: stereolithography; selective laser sintering; powder bed inkjet printing and extrusion printing; for the fabrication of biodegradable/bioresorbable bone tissue scaffolds; and, discuss their potential for dental applications, specifically augmentation of the alveolar ridge.

Keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; bone augmentation; bone regeneration; bone scaffold; dentistry.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Xenogeneic bone graft (Cerabone®) showing seamless tissue integration. Arrows are used to highlight the bone graft/host bone tissue interface.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Alveolar ridge augmentation using an additively manufactured bone tissue scaffold. (1) a bone defect has formed in the alveolar ridge; (2) a bone scaffold is designed and then printed using additive manufacturing technology; (3) the printed bone scaffold is placed in the defect space to support bone regeneration; (4) new bone infiltrates the scaffold, eventually degrading or resorbing the structure; and, (5) a dental implant in positioned in the regenerated bone.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of stereolithography (SLA) printing process. The laser source cures the top of the liquid resin in a predetermined pattern. The platform is then lowered by the height of the cured resin and the process is repeated.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic of selective laser sintering (SLS) process. A laser source sinters/melts the top layer of powder in a powder bed in a predetermined pattern. The powder bed is lowered in height and a fresh layer of powder is positioned on top via a leveling roller. The process is then repeated.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic of Two Different Inkjet Printing Mechanisms over a powder bed: 1. Thermal-based, 2. Piezoelectric-based. The inkjet printheads dispense a binding solution to the powder bed below. The powder bed is lowered in height and a fresh layer of powder is positioned on top via a leveling roller. The process is then repeated.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Comparison of two different xenogeneic bone graft materials: (A) sintered xenograft (Cerabone®) and (B) non-sintered xenograft (BioOss®). For example, xenograft (A) has a rougher surface in comparison to xenograft (B).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic of extrusion based printing. A liquid resin is extruded in the form of a filament into a predetermined pattern.
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