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. 2018 Oct 24;15(11):2351.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph15112351.

Lead Exposure in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Perspectives and Lessons on Patterns, Injustices, Economics, and Politics

Katarzyna Kordas  1 , Julia Ravenscroft  2 , Ying Cao  3 , Elena V McLean  4
Affiliations

Lead Exposure in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Perspectives and Lessons on Patterns, Injustices, Economics, and Politics

Katarzyna Kordas et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Lead exposure is a legacy issue that continues to affect vulnerable population groups globally, but particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICS). We take a multi-disciplinary approach to examine the patterns of lead exposure in these countries, discuss the underlying injustices and socio-political causes, and the economic costs that are associated with exposure. We conclude with some lessons we drew from our discussion of lead across the disciplines and advocate for a number of approaches to solving this ongoing issue. These include (i) biomonitoring that could be integrated into existing health surveys or public health programs targeting young children; (ii) greater civic engagement to push for solutions; and, (iii) environmental control policies that represent a continuum of local, context-specific to broad, national-level, and even global approaches.

Keywords: economic burden; environmental injustice; lead; low and middle-income country (LMIC); politics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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