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. 2018 Oct 11:10:305.
doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00305. eCollection 2018.

Recent Advances in Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease

Runcheng He  1 , Xinxiang Yan  1   2   3 , Jifeng Guo  1   2   3   4   5   6   7 , Qian Xu  1   2   3 , Beisha Tang  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8 , Qiying Sun  2   3   8
Affiliations

Recent Advances in Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease

Runcheng He et al. Front Aging Neurosci. .

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the common progressive neurodegenerative disorders with several motor and non-motor symptoms. Most of the motor symptoms may appear at a late stage where most of the dopaminergic neurons have been already damaged. In order to provide better clinical intervention and treatment at the onset of disease, it is imperative to find accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis, including prodromal diagnosis and preclinical diagnosis. At the same time, these reliable biomarkers can also be utilized to monitor the progress of the disease. In this review article, we will discuss recent advances in the development of PD biomarkers from different aspects, including clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and genetic aspects. Although various biomarkers for PD have been developed so far, their specificity and sensitivity are not ideal when applied individually. So, the combination of multimodal biomarkers will greatly improve the diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the implementation of personalized medicine.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; biochemical; biomarkers; genetics; neuroimaging.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD). A flow figure illustrates various major biomarkers in PD. Biomarkers can be divided into following broad categories; and biomarkers in blue grids can be used to prodromal diagnosis for PD, while biomarkers in green grids may be helpful in the detection of preclinical PD as illustrated in this diagram.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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