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Review
. 2018 Oct 23;3(4):520-526.
doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2018.08.018. eCollection 2018 Oct-Dec.

Role of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in immunotherapy

Garth W Tormoen  1 , Marka R Crittenden  2   3 , Michael J Gough  2
Affiliations
Review

Role of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in immunotherapy

Garth W Tormoen et al. Adv Radiat Oncol. .

Abstract

Immunotherapy is reshaping cancer treatment paradigms; however, response rates to immune therapies are low and depend on the host's pre-existing antitumor immunity. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of malignant cells, stroma, and extracellular molecules and can hinder immune control of tumors. Herein, we review how anti-tumor immune responses are formed and how tumors avoid immune destruction. We also outline potential therapeutic targets in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to promote immune control of tumors.

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Figures

Figure. 1
Figure. 1
Adaptive antitumor immunity and mechanisms of inhibition in the tumor microenvironment.
Figure. 2
Figure. 2
Polarization states of macrophages.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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