Regulating ferroportin-1 and transferrin receptor-1 expression: A novel function of hydrogen sulfide

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂ S) has a significant effect on the regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activities, while IL-6 directly regulates hepcidin expression via STAT3. We therefore hypothesized that H ₂ S has a role in body iron homeostasis by regulating the expression of iron transport proteins via the IL-6/STAT3/Hepcidin pathway. Here, we investigated the effects of two H ₂ S donors sodium hydrosulfide and GYY4137 on the expression of ferroportin-1 (Fpn1), transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1), hepcidin, IL-6 and pSTAT3 in the spleen of mice in vivo and peritoneal macrophage in vitro. We also examined the effects of H ₂ S on serum iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin light chain contents in the spleen, and on nitrite content, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) in the macrophages. We demonstrated that H ₂ S regulates the expression of TfR1 and Fpn1 in the spleen in vivo and in peritoneal macrophages in vitro predominantly via the IL-6/pSTAT3/hepcidin pathway, under the conditions of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides. We also provide evidence that under uninflamed conditions, the regulation of Fpn1 and TfR1 expression by H ₂ S, both in vivo and in vitro, are mediated by the nitric oxide (NO)/Nrf2 and iron regulatory protein/iron responsive element pathways, respectively, which are independent of IL-6/pSTAT3/hepcidin signals. These findings show that H ₂ S is a key player in iron homeostasis under not only the inflamed conditions but also uninflamed conditions.

Keywords: IL-6/STAT3/hepcidin; TfR1 and Fpn1; hydrogen sulfide; inflammation and uninflammation; iron regulatory protein 1; lipopolysaccharides; nitrite; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2; spleen and macrophages.