Household food insecurity is associated with low dietary diversity among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi

Abstract

Objective: To examine the association between household food insecurity and dietary diversity in the past 24h (dietary diversity score (DDS, range: 0-9); minimum dietary diversity (MDD, consumption of three or more food groups); consumption of nine separate food groups) among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Two rural districts in Central Malawi.

Subjects: Pregnant (n 589) and lactating (n 641) women.

Results: Of surveyed pregnant and lactating women, 66·7 and 68·6 %, respectively, experienced moderate or severe food insecurity and only 32·4 and 28·1 %, respectively, met MDD. Compared with food-secure pregnant women, those who reported severe food insecurity had a 0·36 lower DDS (P<0·05) and more than threefold higher risk (OR; 95 % CI) of not consuming meat/fish (3·19; CI 1·68, 6·03). The risk of not consuming eggs (3·77; 1·04, 13·7) was higher among moderately food-insecure pregnant women. Compared with food-secure lactating women, those who reported mild, moderate and severe food insecurity showed a 0·36, 0·44 and 0·62 lower DDS, respectively (all P<0·05). The risk of not achieving MDD was higher among moderately (1·95; 1·06, 3·59) and severely (2·82; 1·53, 5·22) food-insecure lactating women. The risk of not consuming meat/fish and eggs increased in a dose-response manner among lactating women experiencing mild (1·75; 1·01, 3·03 and 2·81; 1·09, 7·25), moderate (2·66; 1·47, 4·82 and 3·75; 1·40, 10·0) and severe (5·33; 2·63, 10·8 and 3·47; 1·19, 10·1) food insecurity.

Conclusions: Addressing food insecurity during and after pregnancy needs to be considered when designing nutrition programmes aiming to increase dietary diversity in rural Malawi.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02985359.

Keywords: Dietary diversity; Food insecurity; Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS); Pregnant and lactating women.

Fig. 1

Food group consumption in the past 24h among study pregnant women (n 589; ) and lactating women (n 641; ), rural Malawi, January–March 2014. *P<0·05 (DGLV, dark green leafy vegetables; VAFV, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; OFV, other fruits and vegetables)