Carotenoid Content in Human Colostrum is Associated to Preterm/Full-Term Birth Condition

Abstract

Factors such as lactation stage and premature and small-for-gestational conditions could lead to great inter-individual variability in the carotenoid content of human milk. The aim was to analyze the carotenoid content in colostrum and mature milk of preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) mothers to establish whether they are significantly different and, if so, the stage of lactation when the differences are established. Samples of blood, colostrum, and mature milk were collected from Spanish donating mothers who gave birth to PT or FT infants. Carotenoids from serum and milk samples were analyzed by HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. Quantitatively, colostrum from PT mothers presented lower total carotenoid content when compared to that from FT mothers. The only exception was lutein, where levels were not different. The transition from colostrum to mature milk makes observed differences in the carotenoid content disappear, since there were no variances between PT and FT groups for both individual and total carotenoid content. The premature birth condition affects the quantitative carotenoid composition of the colostrum but has no effect on the lutein content. This fact could be related to the significant role of this xanthophyll in the development of infant retina and feasibly to cognitive function.

Keywords: breastfeeding; carotenes; colostrum; full-term mothers; lutein; mature milk; new-born; preterm mothers; xanthophylls.

Figure 1

Percentage distribution of the individual carotenoids and xanthophyll esters in colostrum and mature milk samples, and in serum collected at delivery or at 15–30 days after delivery, from preterm and full-term mothers. Xe: xanthophyll esters; α+β-C: α+β-carotene; Ly: lycopene; β-Cx: β-cryptoxanthin; Lt: lutein; Z: zeaxanthin.