Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

doi:10.3390/nu10111661

. 2018 Nov 4;10(11):1661.

doi: 10.3390/nu10111661.

Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

Naomi Cano-Ibáñez^{1

2}, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas^{3

4}, Miguel A Martínez-González^{5

6

7}, Dolores Corella^{8

9}, Jordi Salas-Salvadó^{10

11}, M Dolors Zomeño^{12

13}, Manoli García-de-la-Hera^{14

15}, Dora Romaguera^{16

17}, J Alfredo Martínez^{18

19

20}, F Javier Barón-López^{21

22}, Antonio García-Ríos^{23

24}, Ramón Estruch^{25

26}, Laura García-Molina^{27

28}, Ángel Alonso Gómez^{29

30}, Josep A Tur^{31

32}, Francisco Tinahones^{33

34}, Lluis Serra-Majem^{35

36}, Naiara Cubelos-Fernández³⁷, José Lapetra^{38

39}, Clotilde Vázquez^{40

41}, Xavier Pintó^{42

43}, Josep Vidal^{44

45}, Lidia Daimiel⁴⁶, José Juan Gaforio^{47

48}, Pilar Matía⁴⁹, Emilio Ros^{50

51}, Javier Diez-Espino^{52

53

54}, Rebeca Fernández-Carrión^{55

56}, Josep Basora^{57

58}, Montse Fitó^{59

60}, Juan Manuel Zazo^{61

62}, Antoni Colom^{63

64}, Estefanía Toledo^{65

66}, Andrés Díaz-López^{67

68}, Miguel Ángel Muñoz⁶⁹, Miguel Ruiz-Canela^{70

71

72}, Alfredo Gea^{73

74}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. ncaiba@ugr.es.
² CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ncaiba@ugr.es.
³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. abueno@ugr.es.
⁴ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. abueno@ugr.es.
⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.
⁹ Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.
¹⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
¹¹ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
¹² Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain. mariadoloreszf@blanquerna.edu.
¹³ Human Nutrition Unit, Blanquerna-Ramon Llull University, 08001 Barcelona, Spain. mariadoloreszf@blanquerna.edu.
¹⁴ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. manoli@umh.es.
¹⁵ Miguel Hernández University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, 03202 Alicante, Spain. manoli@umh.es.
¹⁶ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. doraromaguera@yahoo.es.
¹⁷ Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. doraromaguera@yahoo.es.
¹⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
¹⁹ Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
²⁰ Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
²¹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. baron@uma.es.
²² Department of Public Health, University of Málaga-IBIMA, 29016 Málaga, Spain. baron@uma.es.
²³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. angarios2004@yahoo.es.
²⁴ Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain. angarios2004@yahoo.es.
²⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.
²⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. lgarmol@ugr.es.
²⁸ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. lgarmol@ugr.es.
²⁹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. angelmago13@gmail.com.
³⁰ Department of Cardiology, OSI ARABA, University Hospital Araba, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. angelmago13@gmail.com.
³¹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. pep.tur@uib.es.
³² Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. pep.tur@uib.es.
³³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. fjtinahones@hotmail.com.
³⁴ Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain. fjtinahones@hotmail.com.
³⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.
³⁶ Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.
³⁷ Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain. n.cubelos.fernandez@gmail.com.
³⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jlapetra@ono.com.
³⁹ Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. jlapetra@ono.com.
⁴⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. clotilde.vazquez@fjd.es.
⁴¹ Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain. clotilde.vazquez@fjd.es.
⁴² CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. xpinto@bellvitgehospital.cat.
⁴³ Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain. xpinto@bellvitgehospital.cat.
⁴⁴ Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. jovidal@clinic.cat.
⁴⁵ CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain. jovidal@clinic.cat.
⁴⁶ Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain. lidia.daimiel@imdea.org.
⁴⁷ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jgaforio@ujaen.es.
⁴⁸ Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. jgaforio@ujaen.es.
⁴⁹ Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain. pilar.matia@gmail.com.
⁵⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. eros@clinic.ub.es.
⁵¹ Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. eros@clinic.ub.es.
⁵² Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵⁴ Servicio Navarro de Salud, Osasunbidea, 31002 Pamplona, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. rebeca.fernandez@uv.es.
⁵⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. rebeca.fernandez@uv.es.
⁵⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jbasora.tarte.ics@gencat.cat.
⁵⁸ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. jbasora.tarte.ics@gencat.cat.
⁵⁹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mfito@imim.es.
⁶⁰ Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain. mfito@imim.es.
⁶¹ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. juanmazazo@gmail.com.
⁶² Miguel Hernández University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, 03202 Alicante, Spain. juanmazazo@gmail.com.
⁶³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. antonicolom@gmail.com.
⁶⁴ Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. antonicolom@gmail.com.
⁶⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. etoledo@unav.es.
⁶⁶ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. etoledo@unav.es.
⁶⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. andres.diaz@urv.cat.
⁶⁸ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. andres.diaz@urv.cat.
⁶⁹ Primary Care Division of Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salud-IDIAP Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain. mamunoz.bcn.ics@gencat.cat.
⁷⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷² CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. ageas@unav.es.
⁷⁴ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ageas@unav.es.

PMID: 30400355
PMCID: PMC6266979
DOI: 10.3390/nu10111661

Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

Naomi Cano-Ibáñez et al. Nutrients. 2018.

. 2018 Nov 4;10(11):1661.

doi: 10.3390/nu10111661.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. ncaiba@ugr.es.
² CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ncaiba@ugr.es.
³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. abueno@ugr.es.
⁴ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. abueno@ugr.es.
⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.
⁹ Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.
¹⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
¹¹ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
¹² Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain. mariadoloreszf@blanquerna.edu.
¹³ Human Nutrition Unit, Blanquerna-Ramon Llull University, 08001 Barcelona, Spain. mariadoloreszf@blanquerna.edu.
¹⁴ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. manoli@umh.es.
¹⁵ Miguel Hernández University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, 03202 Alicante, Spain. manoli@umh.es.
¹⁶ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. doraromaguera@yahoo.es.
¹⁷ Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. doraromaguera@yahoo.es.
¹⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
¹⁹ Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
²⁰ Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain. jalfmtz@unav.es.
²¹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. baron@uma.es.
²² Department of Public Health, University of Málaga-IBIMA, 29016 Málaga, Spain. baron@uma.es.
²³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. angarios2004@yahoo.es.
²⁴ Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain. angarios2004@yahoo.es.
²⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.
²⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain. lgarmol@ugr.es.
²⁸ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. lgarmol@ugr.es.
²⁹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. angelmago13@gmail.com.
³⁰ Department of Cardiology, OSI ARABA, University Hospital Araba, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. angelmago13@gmail.com.
³¹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. pep.tur@uib.es.
³² Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. pep.tur@uib.es.
³³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. fjtinahones@hotmail.com.
³⁴ Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain. fjtinahones@hotmail.com.
³⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.
³⁶ Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.
³⁷ Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain. n.cubelos.fernandez@gmail.com.
³⁸ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jlapetra@ono.com.
³⁹ Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. jlapetra@ono.com.
⁴⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. clotilde.vazquez@fjd.es.
⁴¹ Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain. clotilde.vazquez@fjd.es.
⁴² CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. xpinto@bellvitgehospital.cat.
⁴³ Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain. xpinto@bellvitgehospital.cat.
⁴⁴ Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. jovidal@clinic.cat.
⁴⁵ CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain. jovidal@clinic.cat.
⁴⁶ Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain. lidia.daimiel@imdea.org.
⁴⁷ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jgaforio@ujaen.es.
⁴⁸ Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. jgaforio@ujaen.es.
⁴⁹ Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain. pilar.matia@gmail.com.
⁵⁰ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. eros@clinic.ub.es.
⁵¹ Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. eros@clinic.ub.es.
⁵² Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵⁴ Servicio Navarro de Salud, Osasunbidea, 31002 Pamplona, Spain. javierdiezesp@ono.com.
⁵⁵ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. rebeca.fernandez@uv.es.
⁵⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. rebeca.fernandez@uv.es.
⁵⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. jbasora.tarte.ics@gencat.cat.
⁵⁸ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. jbasora.tarte.ics@gencat.cat.
⁵⁹ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mfito@imim.es.
⁶⁰ Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain. mfito@imim.es.
⁶¹ CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. juanmazazo@gmail.com.
⁶² Miguel Hernández University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, 03202 Alicante, Spain. juanmazazo@gmail.com.
⁶³ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. antonicolom@gmail.com.
⁶⁴ Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. antonicolom@gmail.com.
⁶⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. etoledo@unav.es.
⁶⁶ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. etoledo@unav.es.
⁶⁷ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. andres.diaz@urv.cat.
⁶⁸ Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain. andres.diaz@urv.cat.
⁶⁹ Primary Care Division of Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salud-IDIAP Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain. mamunoz.bcn.ics@gencat.cat.
⁷⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷² CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.
⁷³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. ageas@unav.es.
⁷⁴ CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ageas@unav.es.

PMID: 30400355
PMCID: PMC6266979
DOI: 10.3390/nu10111661

Abstract

Inadequate diet influences chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in Spain. CVD figures vary from one geographical region to another; this could be associated with different food choices. Our aim was to analyse the influence of geographical area on nutrient intakes among the Spanish adult population with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). We analysed cross-sectional baseline data from the PREDIMED-Plus study: 6646 Spanish adults, aged 55⁻75 years, with overweight/obesity and MetS in four geographical areas. A validated 143-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess energy and nutrient intakes. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between geographical area (North, Central, East and South areas) and inadequate nutrient intake. People in the North area consumed significantly lower amounts of vegetables and fish but more sugar and alcohol (p < 0.001) than other areas. Dietary fibre, vitamin A, E, calcium and magnesium intakes were all lower among men of North area than in the other areas (p < 0.001). Sex (women), non-smoker and physical activity were also associated to adequate nutrient intake. Geographical area influences nutrient intakes. Its effect on dietary quality should be taken into account when planning food policies.

Keywords: PREDIMED-Plus study; dietary intake; geographical area; metabolic syndrome; nutrient adequacy; place of residence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

J.S.-S. reports serving on the board of and receiving grant support through his institution from International Nut and Dried Fruit Council; receiving consulting personal fees from Danone, Font Vella Lanjarón, Nuts for Life and Eroski; and receiving grant support through his institution from Nut and Dried Fruit Foundation and Eroski. E.R., reports grants, non-financial support and other fees from California Walnut Commission and Alexion; personal fees and non-financial support from Merck, Sharp & Dohme; personal fees, non-financial support and other fees from Aegerion and Ferrer International; grants and personal fees from Sanofi Aventis; grants from Amgen and Pfizer and; personal fees from Akcea, outside of the submitted work. X.P., reports serving on the board of and receiving consulting personal fees from Sanofi Aventis, Amgen and Abbott laboratories; receiving lecture personal fees from Esteve, Lacer and Rubio laboratories. L.D. reports grants from Fundación Cerveza y Salud. J.J.G. reports receiving grants from the Diputación Provincial de Jaén and the Fundación Caja Rural de Jaén. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Map of Spain with the geographical areas analysed.

**Figure 2**
Flow-chart of participants.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Abarca-Gómez L., Abdeen Z.A., Hamid Z.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Acuin C., Adams R.J., Aekplakorn W., Afsana K., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–2642. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Basterra-Gortari F.J., Bes-Rastrollo M., Ruiz-Canela M., Gea A., Martinez-Gonzalez M.Á. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in Spanish adults 1987–2012. Med. Clin. 2017;148:250–256. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.11.022. - DOI - PubMed
1. Pérez-Rodrigo C., Gianzo-Citores M., Gil Á., González-Gross M., Ortega R.M., Serra-Majem L., Varela-Moreiras G., Aranceta-Bartrina J. Lifestyle patterns and weight status in Spanish adults: The ANIBES study. Nutrients. 2017;9:606. doi: 10.3390/nu9060606. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Kimokoti R.W., Millen B.E. Nutrition for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2016;100:1185–1198. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.003. - DOI - PubMed
1. Varela-Moreiras G., Ávila J.M., Cuadrado C., del Pozo S., Ruiz E., Moreiras O. Evaluation of food consumption and dietary patterns in Spain by the Food Consumption Survey: Updated information. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010;64:S37–S43. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.208. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Abarca-Gómez L., Abdeen Z.A., Hamid Z.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Acuin C., Adams R.J., Aekplakorn W., Afsana K., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–2642. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Abarca-Gómez L., Abdeen Z.A., Hamid Z.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Acuin C., Adams R.J., Aekplakorn W., Afsana K., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–2642. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Basterra-Gortari F.J., Bes-Rastrollo M., Ruiz-Canela M., Gea A., Martinez-Gonzalez M.Á. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in Spanish adults 1987–2012. Med. Clin. 2017;148:250–256. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.11.022. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Basterra-Gortari F.J., Bes-Rastrollo M., Ruiz-Canela M., Gea A., Martinez-Gonzalez M.Á. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in Spanish adults 1987–2012. Med. Clin. 2017;148:250–256. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.11.022. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Pérez-Rodrigo C., Gianzo-Citores M., Gil Á., González-Gross M., Ortega R.M., Serra-Majem L., Varela-Moreiras G., Aranceta-Bartrina J. Lifestyle patterns and weight status in Spanish adults: The ANIBES study. Nutrients. 2017;9:606. doi: 10.3390/nu9060606. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Pérez-Rodrigo C., Gianzo-Citores M., Gil Á., González-Gross M., Ortega R.M., Serra-Majem L., Varela-Moreiras G., Aranceta-Bartrina J. Lifestyle patterns and weight status in Spanish adults: The ANIBES study. Nutrients. 2017;9:606. doi: 10.3390/nu9060606. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Kimokoti R.W., Millen B.E. Nutrition for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2016;100:1185–1198. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.003. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Kimokoti R.W., Millen B.E. Nutrition for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2016;100:1185–1198. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.003. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Varela-Moreiras G., Ávila J.M., Cuadrado C., del Pozo S., Ruiz E., Moreiras O. Evaluation of food consumption and dietary patterns in Spain by the Food Consumption Survey: Updated information. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010;64:S37–S43. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.208. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Varela-Moreiras G., Ávila J.M., Cuadrado C., del Pozo S., Ruiz E., Moreiras O. Evaluation of food consumption and dietary patterns in Spain by the Food Consumption Survey: Updated information. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010;64:S37–S43. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.208. - DOI - PubMed

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Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

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Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

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