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. 2018 Nov 7;18(Suppl 3):1218.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6060-y.

Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kenya: findings of the STEPS survey, 2015

Valerian Mwenda  1   2 , Martin Mwangi  3   4 , Loise Nyanjau  4 , Muthoni Gichu  4 , Catherine Kyobutungi  5 , Joseph Kibachio  4   6
Affiliations

Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kenya: findings of the STEPS survey, 2015

Valerian Mwenda et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) is increasing worldwide. Risk factor surveillance informs public health interventions in NCD control. This study describes the dietary risk factors for NCD found in the Kenya STEPS survey, 2015.

Methods: We performed secondary analysis of the STEPS dataset to determine prevalence of dietary NCD risk factors and their determinants. New variables were created; high dietary salt, defined as addition of salt while eating or intake of processed foods high in salt and high dietary sugar, defined as intake of processed foods or drinks high in sugar in most meals or addition of sugar to beverages already with sugar, on a daily basis. We used the World Health Organization definition of minimum required intake of fruits and vegetables as consumption of less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Perceptions of respondents on diet and health were also assessed. Accounting for complex survey sampling, we calculated prevalence of the various dietary modifiable determinants and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to identify factors independently associated with dietary NCD risk factors.

Results: Of the 4484 individuals surveyed; mean age was 40.5 years (39.9-41.1 years), 60% were female. Prevalence of high reported dietary salt intake was 18.3% (95% CI 17.2%, 19.5%) and sugar 13.7% (95% CI 11.7-15.8%). Awareness of health risk from dietary salt was 88% and 91% for dietary sugar. Approximately 56% of the respondents were implementing strategies to reduce dietary salt and 54% were doing the same for dietary sugar. Only 6.0% (95% CI 4.3-7.6%) of the respondents reported intake of a minimum of five servings of both fruits and vegetables daily. Unhealthy diet was associated with being male (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04, 1.70,), age below 46 years (AOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.42, 2.12) and being a student (AOR 15.6, 95% CI 2.44, 99.39).

Conclusion: Dietary risk communication should be targeted to males and people under 45 years of age, especially students. Further research is necessary to understand the knowledge: practice mismatch on unhealthy diets.

Keywords: Dietary; NCD; STEPS; Survey.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Kenya Medical Research Institute’s Ethics Review Committee (SSC No. 2607). Consent was sought from the household heads. Informed written consent was sought from all eligible participants before interview and examination.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Awareness and perceptions on unhealthy consumption of salt and sugar, Kenya STEPS survey, 2015
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