Integrating Calcium Supplementation into Facility-Based Antenatal Care Services in Western Kenya: A Qualitative Process Evaluation to Identify Implementation Barriers and Facilitators

Abstract

Background: In countries with low calcium intake, the WHO recommends integrating calcium supplementation into antenatal care (ANC) to reduce the risk of preeclampsia, a leading cause of maternal mortality. Current WHO guidelines recommend women take 3-4 calcium supplements plus 1 iron-folic acid supplement at separate times daily. There is limited evidence about implementing these guidelines through routine ANC. Through the Micronutrient Initiative-Cornell University Calcium (MICa) trial, we examined the effect of regimen on supplement consumption among ANC clients in western Kenya. A nested process evaluation examined factors that influence calcium supplementation delivery and uptake.

Objectives: This process evaluation assessed ANC providers', pregnant women's, and family members' experiences with calcium supplementation, and investigated the feasibility and acceptability of engaging family members to support adherence.

Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 7 ANC providers, 32 pregnant women, and 20 adherence partners (family members who provide reminders and support), and 200 observations of ANC consultations. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically. Observational data were summarized.

Results: ANC providers reported positive feelings about calcium supplementation, the training received, and counseling materials, but reported increased workloads. Women reported that providers counseled them on supplement benefits and managing side effects, offered reminder strategies, and provided supplements and behavior change materials. Women explained that reminder materials and adherence partners improved adherence. Most adherence partners reported providing reminders and other instrumental support to help with pill taking, which women confirmed and appreciated. Some women reported that comorbidities, concerns about being perceived as HIV positive, pill burden, unfavorable organoleptic properties, and lack of food were adherence barriers.

Conclusions: Although integrating calcium into antenatal iron-folic acid supplementation was generally acceptable to ANC providers, pregnant women, and their families, calcium supplementation presents unique challenges that must be considered to successfully implement these guidelines.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02238704.

Keywords: behavioral intervention; male involvement; maternal nutrition; preeclampsia; pregnant women; prenatal micronutrient supplementation; process evaluation; qualitative methods; social support.

FIGURE 1

Process evaluation timeline. ANC, antenatal care.

FIGURE 2

Conceptual framework: barriers and facilitators to calcium and IFA supplementation. White boxes indicate research questions guiding the process evaluation; shaded boxes indicate study findings about barriers and facilitators. ANC, antenatal care; IFA, iron-folic acid.