Conflict of interest: F.A. Klok reports receiving research grants from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Actelion, the Dutch Thrombosis Association and the Dutch Heart Foundation. Conflict of interest: S. Barco reports having travel and congress costs covered by Bayer HealthCare and Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: S.V. Konstantinides has received consultancy and lecture honoraria from Bayer HealthCare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb; payment for travel accommodation/meeting expenses from Bayer HealthCare; and institutional grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer HealthCare and Daiichi-Sankyo. Conflict of interest: P. Dartevelle has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: E. Fadel has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: D. Jenkins reports receiving honoraria for lectures on PEA and support for a PEA bridging trial from Bayer, and honoraria for work on the MERIT trial as an adjudicator from Actelion, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: N.H. Kim reports receiving research support form Actelion, Bayer and Merck, and has received lecture honoraria from Bayer. Conflict of interest: M. Madani has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: H. Matsubara reports receiving honoraria for lectures from Actelion Pharmaceuticals Japan, Ltd, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd, Nippon Shinyaku, Co., Ltd, Pfizer Japan, Inc., and Kaneka Medix Corporation, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: E. Mayer reports receiving speaker and consulting fees from Actelion, Bayer and MSD, and speaker fees from Pfizer, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: J. Pepke-Zaba or her institution have received research and educational grants from Actelion, Merck, and Bayer. She has also served on advisory boards for Actelion, J&J, Merck, Bayer and GSK. Conflict of interest: M. Delcroix has been an investigator, speaker, consultant or steering committee member for Actelion, Bayer, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD and Pfizer; and has received research grants from Actelion. Conflict of interest: I.M. Lang reports receiving lecture fees from MSD, grants and lecture fees from AOPORphan Pharma, and grants and personal fees from Actelion, outside the submitted work.