Novel Surgical Strategies in the Treatment of Gynecological Malignancies

Abstract

The main advancement in the surgical treatment of early cervical cancer has been a de-escalation in the radical surgical approach of early stage disease. Similarly, sentinel lymph node detection with cervical tracer injection can be performed alone in microscopic tumors (stage IA) while additional lymphadenectomy is still performed in macroscopic tumors (IB1 and IIA). Parametrial resection has been progressively reduced in tumors less than 2 cm, and simple procedures, conservative (trachelectomy) or not (simple hysterectomy), are currently being evaluated in several phase III trials. Since the preliminary results of the LACC (locally advanced cervical cancer) trial, the value of minimally invasive surgery as the standard approach for the treatment of early stage cervical cancer has been questioned and patients should be aware when discussing the approach for radical hysterectomy. While awaiting the results of ongoing clinical trials comparing radiological and surgical staging in locally advanced cervical cancer patients, surgical staging with paraaortic lymphadenectomy remains the standard of care before definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with negative aortic PET/TDM. Patients undergoing salvage surgeries for isolated pelvic recurrences of cervical cancer benefit from advanced reconstructive techniques as DIEP flaps and continent reconstructive urinary techniques. In selected patients, a minimally invasive approach can be considered. Surgery is the mainstay of the treatment of endometrial cancer. The major evolution in surgical strategy has occurred in lymph node staging. The standard surgical staging includes pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection to the level of the left renal vein. Sentinel lymph node dissection has been validated as a less morbid alternative of systematic lymphadenectomy, indicated in patients with low and intermediate risk of lymph node involvement. In advanced ovarian cancer, complete cytoreduction is the main objective of surgery. To achieve this goal, upper abdominal complex procedures have been developed. Best survival rates are obtained with primary debulking surgery. Exploratory laparoscopy may be performed before cytoreduction to evaluate resectability and thus avoid unnecessary laparotomy. Although systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is being questioned in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes undergoing complete primary debulking surgery, this procedure is still recommended. While waiting publication of the GOG 252 trial, IP chemotherapy after complete CRS is under debate. HIPEC after interval debulking surgery in patients undergoing complete cytoreduction is an intriguing new option. Patients within the first recurrence of ovarian cancer, with score AGO-positive, benefit from a second complete cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer survival rates are higher in specialized high-volume centers, and thus cases should be centralized and quality indicators used.

Keywords: Cervical cancer; Endometrial cancer; Minimally invasive surgery; Novel strategies; Ovarian cancer; Surgical approach.