White matter hyperintensities in young individuals with bipolar disorder or at high genetic risk

Abstract

Background: Increased white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is one of the most consistent imaging findings amongst participants with bipolar disorder (BD). This study investigated WMHs in a young population at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder (HR).

Methods: MRI scans were conducted at baseline in HR individuals (n = 131), patients with BD (n = 47) and controls (CON) (n = 108). Most of the HR (n = 77) and CON (n = 74) group completed scans after two years. Scans were examined for the presence of WMHs.

Results: There were significantly more periventricular WMHs in the BD compared to the CON group at baseline (p = .04). Although the prevalence of periventricular WMHs was intermediate in the HR group, there were no significant differences between the HR and CON or BD participants. Deep WMHs did not differ significantly between the groups. Over time, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of periventricular WMHs in both the HR and CON groups (p = .02).

Limitations: The use of a visual rating scale to examine WMHs is subjective. As the gradings were collapsed into 'present' or 'absent', we could not ascertain whether the severity of hyperintensities worsened over time.

Conclusions: Periventricular WMHs are more prevalent in young individuals with BD than controls. As these are not more prevalent in HR individuals, it is possible that these are either secondary to the development of bipolar disorder, its treatment, or resulting changes in lifestyle. In a novel finding, there were similar increases in the prevalence of WMHs in controls and HR youth over the 2-year period.

Keywords: 95% CI; 95% confidence interval; ANOVA; BD I; BD II; Bipolar disorder; DIGS; DSM-IV; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; FIGS; FLAIR; Family Interview for Genetic Studies; Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery; Genetic risk; K-SADS-BP; MRI; OR; Periventricular; SD; TE; TR; WMHs; White matter hyperintensities; analysis of variance; bipolar I disorder; bipolar II disorder; degrees of freedom; df; diagnostic interview for genetic studies; echo time; fMRI; functional magnetic resonance imaging; kiddie-schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-aged children – present and lifetime version; odds ratio; repetition time; standard deviation; wagnetic resonance imaging; white matter hyperintensities.