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Review
. 2018 Sep;13(9):671-680.
doi: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0068. Epub 2018 Aug 8.

Please stand by: how oncolytic viruses impact bystander cells

Leslee Sprague  1   1 , Lynne Braidwood  2   2 , Joe Conner  2   2 , Kevin A Cassady  3   4   3   4 , Fabian Benencia  5   5 , Timothy P Cripe  1   4   1   4
Affiliations
Review

Please stand by: how oncolytic viruses impact bystander cells

Leslee Sprague et al. Future Virol. 2018 Sep.

Abstract

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) do more than simply infect and kill host cells. The accepted mechanism of action for OVs consists of a primary lytic phase and a subsequent antitumor and antiviral immune response. However, not all cells are subject to the direct effects of OV therapy, and it is becoming clear that OVs can also impact uninfected cells in the periphery. This review discusses the effects of OVs on uninfected neighboring cells, so-called bystander effects, and implications for OV therapies alone or in combination with other standard of care chemotherapy.

Keywords: bystander effects; chemotherapy; cytokines; inflammation; oncolytic virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure This work was supported by The Ohio State University Pelotonia Graduate Fellowship and NIH T32 Systems and Integrated Biology Fellowship (5T32GM068412-10) at The Ohio State University to LS. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Figures

<b>Figure 1.</b>
Figure 1.. Oncolytic viruses have three ways of mediating antitumor effects.
(A) OVs enter tumor cells where they replicate, ultimately leading to virus-mediated cell death or lysis. Lytic infection leads to the release of antigen from both tumor and virus. Healthy cells are able to restrict virus infection. (B) Adaptive T-cell immunity is generated against the virus and tumor antigen released by lytic viral infection. (C) The process of cell lysis results in the release of cytokines and other factors that are able to mediate cell cytotoxicity on their own and have been reported to augment chemotherapy drugs. APC: Antigen-presenting cell; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; OV: Oncolytic virus.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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