Life-history consequences of bidirectional selection for male morph in a male-dimorphic bulb mite

Abstract

Intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) arises when males and females have different trait optima. Some males pursue different alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) with different trait optima, resulting in different strengths of IASC. Consequently, for instance daughter fitness is differentially affected by her sire's morph. We tested if-and which-other life-history traits correlatively change in bidirectional, artificial selection experiments for ARTs. We used the male-dimorphic bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini, the males of which are high-fitness 'fighters' or low-fitness 'scramblers'. Twice in each of the five generations of selection, we assessed clutch composition (number of mites of the various life stages present) and size (total number of offspring). Furthermore, we tracked offspring from egg to adulthood in the first and final generation to detect differences between selection lines in the size and duration of stages, and in maturation time. We found that selection for male morph increased the frequency of that morph. Furthermore, compared to fighter lines, scrambler lines produced more females, which laid larger eggs (in the final generations), and maintained a higher egg-laying rate for longer. Otherwise, our results showed no consistent differences between the selection lines in clutch size and composition, life stage size or duration, or maturation time. Though we found few correlated life-history trait changes in response to selection on male morph, the differences in egg laying rate and egg size suggest that IASC between fighters is costlier to females than IASC with scramblers. We hypothesize that these differences in reproductive traits allow fighter-offspring to perform better in small, declining populations but scrambler-offspring to perform better in large, growing populations.

Keywords: ARP; Alternative reproductive phenotype; Major; Minor; Population dynamics; Sneaker.

Fig. 1

Method used to create fighter and scrambler selection lines and timing of data collection

Fig. 2

The effect of selection lines on the mean (± SE) fraction of Rhizoglyphus robini fighters for each generation of selection

Fig. 3

Mean (± SE) Rhizoglyphus robini egg length (µm) in clutches obtained from generations 0 and 5

Fig. 4

Mean (± SE) Rhizoglyphus robini life stage size (µm) of offspring from generations 0 and 5 (*: 0.01 < p < 0.05, **: 0.001 < p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001; n.s.: p > 0.05)

Fig. 5

Mean (± SE) third leg pair width (µm) in Rhizoglyphus robini adult females, fighters and scramblers compared between a scrambler vs. fighter lines, and b generation 0 vs. 5

Fig. 6

Mean (± SE) number of Rhizoglyphus robini eggs in each clutch counted on day 12 of each new generation

Fig. 7

Mean (± SE) number of Rhizoglyphus robini females found on day 12 in each clutch over five generations