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. 2018 Nov 12;10(11):623.
doi: 10.3390/v10110623.

Following in the Footsteps of the Chikungunya Virus in Brazil: The First Autochthonous Cases in Amapá in 2014 and Its Emergence in Rio de Janeiro during 2016

Thiara Manuele Alves de Souza  1 , Edcelha D'Athaide Ribeiro  2 , Valmir Corrêa E Corrêa  3 , Paulo Vieira Damasco  4   5   6 , Carla Cunha Santos  7 , Fernanda de Bruycker-Nogueira  8 , Thaís Chouin-Carneiro  9 , Nieli Rodrigues da Costa Faria  10 , Priscila Conrado Guerra Nunes  11 , Manoela Heringer  12 , Monique da Rocha Queiroz Lima  13 , Jéssica Badolato-Corrêa  14 , Márcio da Costa Cipitelli  15 , Elzinandes Leal de Azeredo  16 , Rita Maria Ribeiro Nogueira  17 , Flavia Barreto Dos Santos  18
Affiliations

Following in the Footsteps of the Chikungunya Virus in Brazil: The First Autochthonous Cases in Amapá in 2014 and Its Emergence in Rio de Janeiro during 2016

Thiara Manuele Alves de Souza et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Currently, Brazil lives a triple arboviruses epidemic (DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV) making the differential diagnosis difficult for health professionals. Here, we aimed to investigate chikungunya cases and the possible occurrence of co-infections during the epidemic in Amapá (AP) that started in 2014 when the first autochthonous cases were reported and in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in 2016. We further performed molecular characterization and genotyping of representative strains. In AP, 51.4% of the suspected cases were confirmed for CHIKV, 71.0% (76/107). Of those, 24 co-infections by CHIKV/DENV, two by CHIKV/DENV-1, and two by CHIKV/DENV-4 were observed. In RJ, 76.9% of the suspected cases were confirmed for CHIKV and co-infections by CHIKV/DENV (n = 8) and by CHIKV/ZIKV (n = 17) were observed. Overall, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, prostration, edema, exanthema, conjunctival hyperemia, lower back pain, dizziness, nausea, retroorbital pain, and anorexia were the predominating chikungunya clinical symptoms described. All strains analyzed from AP belonged to the Asian genotype and no amino acid changes were observed. In RJ, the East-Central-South-African genotype (ECSA) circulation was demonstrated and no E1-A226V mutation was observed. Despite this, an E1-V156A substitution was characterized in two samples and for the first time, the E1-K211T mutation was reported in all samples analyzed.

Keywords: Asian genotype; Brazil; ECSA genotype; chikungunya virus; co-infection; surveillance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Phylogenetic analysis based on 375 nucleotides recovered from the E1 gene of CHIKV strains identified in Rio de Janeiro (n = 10) during 2016 and in Amapa (n = 17). Neighbor-joining method, Kimura-2-parameter model (K2), bootstrap of 1000 repetitions. The analyzed CHIKV sequences are represented by a black circle. The CHIKV strains were designated as follows: GenBank accession number (or strain name/country/year). ECSA: East-Central-South African genotype.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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