Efficacy and safety of rituximab in childhood-onset, difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome: A multicenter open-label trial in Korea

Abstract

Background: The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab (RTX) has been proposed as a rescue therapy for difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome (NS). We conducted a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RTX in children with difficult-to-treat NS dependent on or resistant to steroids and calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs).

Methods: A multicenter open-label trial was performed at 8 major pediatric nephrology centers in Korea. The investigation consisted of a randomized controlled trial for steroid- and CNI-dependent NS (DDNS; randomization into the RTX group and the control group, at a ratio of 2:1) and a single-arm study of steroid and CNI-resistant NS (DRNS). DDNS patients in the RTX group and DRNS patients received a single dose of intravenous RTX (375 mg/m of body surface area) for B-cell depletion. A second RTX dose was administered at week 2 if the first dose failed to achieve depletion of CD19(+) cells. The primary endpoint was rate of maintaining remission at 6 months after treatment for DDNS and rate of remission achievement for DRNS.

Results: Sixty-one children with DDNS were enrolled while in remission and randomized to the control group (21 patients) or the RTX group (40 patients). At 6 months after treatment, the remission rates were 74.3% in the RTX group and 31.3% in the control group (P = .003). The mean duration of remission maintenance was significantly higher in the RTX group than in the control group (9.0 vs 2.9 months, P = .004). Of the 23 patients with DRNS enrolled in the single-arm study and treated with RTX, 9 (39.1%) achieved partial or complete remission within 6 months. Depletion of B cells occurred in all patients with RTX therapy. Thirty patients (50.8% of 59 patients analyzed) experienced mild and transient infusion reaction during RTX administration, and most adverse events were mild.

Conclusions: RTX administration was safe and effective in patients with difficult-to-treat NS. One or 2 doses of RTX may be sufficient to deplete B cells and achieve better control of pediatric NS.

Figure 1

Study design. (A) Randomized controlled trial of drug-dependent nephrotic syndrome. (B) Single-arm study of drug-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Figure 2

Flowchart of patient enrollment, evaluation, and follow-up. (A) Randomized controlled trial of drug-dependent nephrotic syndrome. (B) Single-arm study of drug-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Figure 3

Survival analysis. (A) Kaplan–Meier analysis for relapse-free survival in the randomized controlled trial of drug-dependent nephrotic syndrome. (B) Cumulative remission rate in single-arm study of drug-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Figure 4

CD19 B-cell counts after rituximab therapy. (A) Randomized controlled trial of drug-dependent nephrotic syndrome. (B) Single-arm study of drug-resistant nephrotic syndrome.