Time trends in adherence to UK dietary recommendations and associated sociodemographic inequalities, 1986-2012: a repeated cross-sectional analysis

Abstract

Background/objectives: Little is known about time trends in diet quality and associated inequalities in the UK. This study aimed to examine trends in adherence to four UK dietary recommendations, overall and among sociodemographic subgroups, from 1986 to 2012.

Subjects/methods: We conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis using data from three UK diet surveys: Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults 1986-87 (n = 2018), National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2000-01 (n = 1683) and NDNS Rolling Programme 2008-12 (n = 1632). We measured adherence to dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetables, salt, oily fish, and red and processed meat, estimated using food diary record data. We compared adherence across surveys and by four sociodemographic characteristics: sex, age, socioeconomic position and ethnicity.

Results: Overall, population adherence to dietary recommendations was low to moderate, but improved over time. There were inequalities in adherence to all recommendations at all timepoints according to one or more sociodemographic characteristic. When inequalities were present, women, older adults, those with non-manual occupations and non-Whites were more likely to adhere to dietary recommendations. Although some dietary inequalities declined, most persisted across the three surveys.

Conclusions: The persistence of most inequalities highlights the need for further interventions to reduce dietary inequalities as well as improve overall population diet. The greatest simultaneous improvement in population adherence and reduction of inequalities was observed for salt, which may reflect the success of the UK Salt Reduction Programme. Similarly comprehensive programmes should be encouraged for other dietary components.

Fig. 1

Adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for adhering to dietary recommendations by sociodemographic characteristics, 1986-2012. a Sex inequalities (reference group: men). b Age inequalities (reference group: 19–40 year olds). c Socioeconomic inequalities (reference group: manual occupations). d Ethnic inequalities (reference group: White). All odds ratios (95% CIs) are mutually adjusted for the other sociodemographic characteristics studied