Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two large US cohorts of female nurses

Abstract

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the joint association of duration of rotating night shift work and lifestyle factors with risk of type 2 diabetes risk, and to quantitatively decompose this joint association to rotating night shift work only, to lifestyle only, and to their interaction.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Nurses' Health Study (1988-2012) and Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013).

Participants: 143 410 women without type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline.

Exposures: Rotating night shift work was defined as at least three night shifts per month in addition to day and evening shifts in that month. Unhealthy lifestyles included current smoking, physical activity levels below 30 minutes per day at moderate to vigorous intensity, diet in the bottom three fifths of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, and body mass index of 25 or above.

Main outcome measures: Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through self report and validated by a supplementary questionnaire.

Results: During 22-24 years of follow-up, 10 915 cases of incident type 2 diabetes occurred. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 1.44) per five year increment of duration of rotating night shift work and 2.30 (1.88 to 2.83) per unhealthy lifestyle factor (ever smoking, low diet quality, low physical activity, and overweight or obesity). For the joint association of per five year increment rotating night shift work and per unhealthy lifestyle factor with type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio was 2.83 (2.15 to 3.73) with a significant additive interaction (P for interaction <0.001). The proportions of the joint association were 17.1% (14.0% to 20.8%) for rotating night shift work alone, 71.2% (66.9% to 75.8%) for unhealthy lifestyle alone, and 11.3% (7.3% to 17.3%) for their additive interaction.

Conclusions: Among female nurses, both rotating night shift work and unhealthy lifestyle were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The excess risk of rotating night shift work combined with unhealthy lifestyle was higher than the addition of risk associated with each individual factor. These findings suggest that most cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented by adhering to a healthy lifestyle, and the benefits could be greater in rotating night shift workers.

Fig 1

Pooled multivariable adjusted hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes according to joint categories of rotating night shift work duration and number of unhealthy lifestyle factors. Multivariable adjusted for age, calendar year, ethnicity (white, African-American, Hispanic, or Asian), marital status (married, divorced/separate/single, or widowed), living status (alone or not), family history of diabetes (yes/no), menopausal status (premenopausal or postmenopausal; never, past, or current menopausal hormone use), oral contraceptive use (never, past, or current use (NHS II only)), alcohol drinking (0, 0.1-4.9, 5.0-14.9, 15.0-19.9, 20.0-29.9, or ≥30 g/day), and total energy intake (fifths). All covariates, except ethnicity and family history of diabetes, were time varying. Unhealthy lifestyles include current smoking, physical activity levels <30 min/day at moderate to vigorous intensity, diet in bottom three fifths of Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, and body mass index ≥25