Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Nov 9;11(11):CD010578.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578.pub2.

Community-based supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations - an overview of systematic reviews

Janicke Visser  1 , Milla H McLachlan, Nicola Maayan, Paul Garner
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Community-based supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations - an overview of systematic reviews

Janicke Visser et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Supplementary feeding may help food insecure and vulnerable people by optimising the nutritional value and adequacy of the diet, improving quality of life and improving various health parameters of disadvantaged families. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the problems supplementary feeding aims to address are entangled with poverty and deprivation, the programmes are expensive and delivery is complicated.

Objectives: 1. To summarise the evidence from systematic reviews of supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations, including children under five years of age, school-aged children, pregnant and lactating women, people with HIV or tuberculosis (or both), and older populations.2. To describe and explore the effects of supplementary feeding given to people in these groups, and to describe the range of outcomes between reviews and range of effects in the different groups.

Methods: In January 2017, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase and nine other databases. We included systematic reviews evaluating community-based supplementary feeding, and concerning food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations. Two review authors independently undertook selection of systematic reviews, data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment. We assessed review quality using the AMSTAR tool, and used GRADEpro 'Summary of findings' tables from each review to indicate the certainty of the evidence for the main comparisons. We summarised review findings in the text and reported the data for each outcome in additional tables. We also used forest plots to display results graphically.

Main results: This overview included eight systematic reviews (with last search dates between May 2006 and February 2016). Seven were Cochrane Reviews evaluating interventions in pregnant women; children (aged from birth to five years) from LMIC; disadvantaged infants and young children (aged three months to five years); children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM); disadvantaged school children; adults and children who were HIV positive or with active tuberculosis (with or without HIV). One was a non-Cochrane systematic review in older people with Alzheimer's disease. These reviews included 95 trials relevant to this overview, with the majority (74%) of participants from LMIC.The number of included participants varied between 91 and 7940 adults, and 271 and more than 12,595 children. Trials included a wide array of nutritional interventions that varied in duration, frequency and format, with micronutrients often reported as cointerventions. Follow-up ranged from six weeks to two years; three trials investigated outcomes at four to 17 years of age. All reviews were rated as high quality (AMSTAR score between eight and 11). The GRADE certainty ratings ranged from very low to moderate for individual comparisons, with the evidence often comprising only one or two small trials, thereby resulting in many underpowered analyses (too small to detect small but important differences). The main outcome categories reported across reviews were death, anthropometry (adults and children) and other markers of nutritional status, disease-related outcomes, neurocognitive development and psychosocial outcomes, and adverse events.Mortality data were limited and underpowered in meta-analysis in all populations (children with MAM, in children with HIV, and in adults with tuberculosis) with the exception of balanced energy and protein supplementation in pregnancy, which may have reduced the risk of stillbirth (risk ratio (RR) 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.94; 5 trials, 3408 women). Supplementation in pregnancy also improved infant birth weight (mean difference (MD) 40.96 g, 95% CI 4.66 to 77.26; 11 trials, 5385 participants) and reduced risk of infants born small-for-gestational age (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.90; 7 trials, 4408 participants). These effects did not translate into demonstrable long-term benefits for children in terms of growth and neurocognitive development in the one to two trials reporting on longer-term outcomes. In one study (505 participants), high-protein supplementation was associated with increased risk of small-for-gestational age babies.Effects on growth in children were mixed. In children under five years of age from LMIC, one review found that supplementary feeding had a little or no effect on child growth; however, a more recent review in a similar population found that those who received food supplementation gained an average of 0.12 kg more in weight (MD 0.12 kg, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.18; 9 trials, 1057 participants) and 0.27 cm more in height (MD 0.27 cm, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.48; 9 trials, 1463 participants) than those who were not supplemented. Supplementary food was generally more effective for younger children (younger than two years of age) and for those who were poorer or less well-nourished. In children with MAM, the provision of specially formulated food improved their weight, weight-for-height z scores and other key outcomes such as recovery rate (by 29%), as well as reducing the number of participants dropping out (by 70%). In LMIC, school meals seemed to lead to small benefits for children, including improvements in weight z scores, especially in children from lower-income countries, height z scores, cognition or intelligence quotient tests, and maths and spelling performance.Supplementary feeding in adults who were HIV positive increased the daily energy and protein intake compared to nutritional counselling alone. Supplementation led to an initial improvement in weight gain or body mass index but did not seem to confer long-term benefit.In adults with tuberculosis, one small trial found a significant benefit on treatment completion and sputum conversion rate. There were also significant but modest benefits in terms of weight gain (up to 2.60 kg) during active tuberculosis.The one study included in the Alzheimer's disease review found that three months of daily oral nutritional supplements improved nutritional outcomes in the intervention group.There was little or no evidence regarding people's quality of life, adherence to treatment, attendance at clinic or the costs of supplementary feeding programmes.

Authors' conclusions: Considering the current evidence base included, supplementary food effects are modest at best, with inconsistent and limited mortality evidence. The trials reflected in the reviews mostly reported on short-term outcomes and across the whole of the supplementation trial literature it appears important outcomes, such as quality of life and cost of programmes, are not systematically reported or summarised.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JV was supported by the Effective Health Care Research Consortium; this support was in the form of grants from the Consortium. This Consortium is funded by UK aid from the UK Government for the benefit of LMIC (Grant: 5242).

MHMcL was previously hired as a Consultant by Synergos Institute to provide technical advice and facilitation services to a private sector/government partnership working on extending a CMAM (Community‐based Management of Acute Malnutrition) programme in Nigeria.

NM previously worked for Enhanced Reviews Ltd., a company that conducts systematic reviews, mostly for the public sector. NM was employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by Cochrane. Cochrane Response was contracted by the Effective Health Care Research Consortium (Grant: 5242) to work on this review.

PG is the Director of the Effective Health Care Research Consortium, a Department for International Development (DFID) UK funded research programme to support people carrying out Cochrane Reviews for the benefit of the poor in LMIC (Grant: 5242). DFID had no part in writing this review. PG is the Co‐ordinating Editor of the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group.

Disclaimer: the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect UK government policy.

Figures

1
1
Conceptual framework of supplementary feeding to improve nutrition (adapted from UNICEF 1990).
2
2
PRISMA flow diagram.
3
3
Outcome ‐ mortality: supplementary feeding versus no supplementary feeding (control, placebo, standard care, dietary advice).
4
4
Outcome ‐ weight (g) in children: supplementary feeding versus no supplementary feeding (control, placebo, standard care, dietary advice).
5
5
Outcome ‐ length/height (mm) in children: supplementary feeding versus no supplementary feeding (control, placebo, standard care, dietary advice).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to included reviews

Droogsma 2014
    1. Droogsma E, Asselt D, Steijn J, Veeger N, Dusseldorp I, Deyn PP. Nutritional interventions in community‐dwelling Alzheimer patients with (risk of) undernutrition: a systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics 2014;26(9):1445‐53. [DOI: 10.1017/S1041610214000817; PUBMED: 24846712] - DOI - PubMed
Grobler 2013
    1. Grobler L, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Mahlungulu SS, Volmink J. Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004536.pub3; PUBMED: 23450554] - DOI - PubMed
Grobler 2016
    1. Grobler L, Nagpal S, Sudarsanam TD, Sinclair D. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006086.pub4; PMC4981643; PUBMED: 27355911] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kristjansson 2007
    1. Kristjansson B, Petticrew M, MacDonald B, Krasevec J, Janzen L, Greenhalgh T, et al. School feeding for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged students. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004676.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Kristjansson 2015a
    1. Kristjansson E, Francis DK, Liberato S, Benkhalti JM, Welch V, Batal M, et al. Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio‐economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009924.pub2; PUBMED: 25739460] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lazzerini 2013
    1. Lazzerini M, Rubert L, Pani P. Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009584.pub2; PUBMED: 23794237] - DOI - PubMed
Ota 2015
    1. Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe‐Gai R, Farrar D. Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3; PUBMED: 26031211 ] - DOI - PubMed
Sguassero 2012
    1. Sguassero Y, Onis M, Bonotti AM, Carroli G. Community‐based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of children under five years of age in low and middle income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005039.pub3; PUBMED: 22696347] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to excluded reviews

Abdelhamid 2016
    1. Abdelhamid A, Bunn DK, Copley M, Cowap V, Dickinson A, Gray L, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to directly support food and drink intake in people with dementia: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMC Geriatrics 2016;16:26. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0196-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Allen 2013
    1. Allen VJ, Methven L, Gosney MA. Use of nutritional complete supplements in older adults with dementia: systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical outcomes. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(6):950‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.015; PUBMED: 23591150] - DOI - PubMed
Arthur 2015
    1. Arthur SS, Nyide B, Soura AB, Kahn K, Weston M, Sankoh O. Tackling malnutrition: a systematic review of 15‐year research evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance systems. Global Health Action 2015;8:28298. [DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.28298; PMC4627942; PUBMED: 26519130] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Baldwin 2016
    1. Baldwin C, Kimber KL, Gibbs M, Weekes CE. Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at‐risk adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009840.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bally 2016
    1. Bally MR, Blaser Yildirim PZ, Bounoure L, Gloy VL, Mueller B, Briel M, et al. Nutritional support and outcomes in malnourished medical inpatients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine 2016;176(1):43‐53. [DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6587; PUBMED: 26720894] - DOI - PubMed
Bandayrel 2011
    1. Bandayrel K, Wong S. Systematic literature review of randomized control trials assessing the effectiveness of nutrition interventions in community‐dwelling older adults. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2011;43(4):251‐62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.01.004; PUBMED: 21371944] - DOI - PubMed
Beck 2011
    1. Beck AM, Wijnhoven HA, Lassen KO. A review of the effect of oral nutritional interventions on both weight change and functional outcomes in older nursing home residents. E‐SPEN, the European E‐journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 2011; Vol. 6, issue 3:e101‐5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2011.03.003] - DOI
Beck 2013
    1. Beck AM, Holst M, Rasmussen HH. Oral nutritional support of older (65 years+) medical and surgical patients after discharge from hospital: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation 2013;27(1):19‐27. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215512445396; PUBMED: 22643726] - DOI - PubMed
Beck 2016
    1. Beck AM, Dent E, Baldwin C. Nutritional intervention as part of functional rehabilitation in older people with reduced functional ability: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled studies. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;29(6):733‐45. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12382; PUBMED: 27231148] - DOI - PubMed
Bhutta 2008
    1. Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 2008;371(9610):417‐40. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6] - DOI - PubMed
Bibas 2014
    1. Bibas L, Levi M, Bendayan M, Mullie L, Forman DE, Afilalo J. Therapeutic interventions for frail elderly patients: part I. Published randomized trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2014;57(2):134‐43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.07.004; PUBMED: 25216612] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 2015
    1. Campbell AD, Godfryd A, Buys DR, Locher JL. Does participation in home‐delivered meals programs improve outcomes for older adults? Results of a systematic review. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics 2015;34(2):124‐67. [DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2015.1038463; NIHMS692744; PMC4480596; PUBMED: 26106985] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cawood 2012
    1. Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Research Reviews 2012;11(2):278‐96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.008; PUBMED: 22212388] - DOI - PubMed
Choudhury 2014
    1. Choudhury N, Ahmed T, Hossain MI, Mandal BN, Mothabbir G, Rahman M, et al. Community‐based management of acute malnutrition in Bangladesh: feasibility and constraints. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2014;35(2):277‐85. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651403500214; PUBMED: 25076775] - DOI - PubMed
Collins 2015
    1. Collins J, Porter J. The effect of interventions to prevent and treat malnutrition in patients admitted for rehabilitation: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;28(1):1‐15. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12230; PUBMED: 24811842] - DOI - PubMed
Coyne‐Meyers 2004
    1. Coyne‐Meyers K, Trombley LE. A review of nutrition in human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2004;19(4):340‐55. [DOI: 10.1177/0115426504019004340; PUBMED: 16215125] - DOI - PubMed
Daniels 2010
    1. Daniels R, Metzelthin S, Rossum E, Witte L, Heuvel W. Interventions to prevent disability in frail community‐dwelling older persons: an overview. European Journal of Ageing 2010; Vol. 7, issue 1:37‐55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10433-010-0141-9; PMC5547279; PUBMED: 28798616] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
de van der Schueren 2016
    1. van der Schueren MA, Wijnhoven HA, Kruizenga HM, Visser M. A critical appraisal of nutritional intervention studies in malnourished, community dwelling older persons. Clinical Nutrition 2016;35(5):1008‐14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.013; PUBMED: 26774525] - DOI - PubMed
Dewey 2008
    1. Dewey KG, Adu‐Afarwuah S. Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2008; Vol. 4, issue Suppl 1:24‐85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00124.x; PUBMED: 18289157] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Elia 2016
    1. Elia M, Normand C, Laviano A, Norman K. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in community and care home settings. Clinical Nutrition 2016;35(1):125‐37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.012; PUBMED: 26309240] - DOI - PubMed
Els 2013
    1. Els A, Walsh C. The impact of preschool feeding programmes on the growth of disadvantaged young children in developing countries: a systematic review of randomised trials. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;26(2):33‐40. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2013.11734448] - DOI
Fatima 2015
    1. Fatima S, Ali Khan S, Fatima F. Nutritional supplements and their use in the treatment of malnutrition in developing countries. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 2015;27(4):911‐22. [PUBMED: 27004351] - PubMed
Ferreira 2010
    1. Ferreira HS, Cavalcante SA, Assunção ML. Chemical composition and efficacy of the multimixture as a dietary supplement: a literature review [Composição química e eficácia da multimistura como suplemento dietético: revisão da literatura]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 2010;15(Suppl 2):3207‐20. [PUBMED: 21049162 ] - PubMed
Goudet 2017
    1. Goudet S, Griffiths P, Bogin B, Madise N. Interventions to tackle malnutrition and its risk factors in children living in slums: a scoping review. Annals of Human Biology 2017;44(1):1‐10. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1205660; PUBMED: 27356853] - DOI - PubMed
Grantham‐McGregor 2014
    1. Grantham‐McGregor SM, Fernald LC, Kagawa RMC, Walker S. Effects of integrated child development and nutrition interventions on child development and nutritional status. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2014;1308(1):11‐32. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12284] - DOI - PubMed
Gresham 2014
    1. Gresham E, Byles JE, Bisquera A, Hure AJ. Effects of dietary interventions on neonatal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;100(5):1298‐321. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.080655; PUBMED: 25332328] - DOI - PubMed
Gresham 2016
    1. Gresham E, Bisquera A, Byles JE, Hure AJ. Effects of dietary interventions on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2016;12(1):5‐23. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12142; PUBMED: 25048387] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gunaratna 2010
    1. Gunaratna NS, Groote H, Nestel P, Pixley KV, McCabe GP. A meta‐analysis of community‐based studies on quality protein maize. Food Policy 2010;35(3):202‐10. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2013.11734448] - DOI
Hubbard 2012
    1. Hubbard GP, Elia M, Holdoway A, Stratton RJ. A systematic review of compliance to oral nutritional supplements. Clinical Nutrition 2012;31(3):293‐312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.020; PUBMED: 22257636] - DOI - PubMed
Imdad 2011a
    1. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of balanced protein energy supplementation during pregnancy on birth outcomes. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl 3):S17. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S17; PMC3231890; PUBMED: 21501434] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Imdad 2011b
    1. Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl 3):S4. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S4; PMC3231910; PUBMED: 21501455] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Imdad 2012
    1. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes: effect of balanced protein‐energy supplementation. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012;26(Suppl 1):178‐90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01308.x; PUBMED: 22742610] - DOI - PubMed
Kimber 2015
    1. Kimber K, Gibbs M, Weekes CE, Baldwin C. Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at‐risk adults: a systematic review of non‐randomised studies. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;28(6):517‐45. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12329; PUBMED: 26300378] - DOI - PubMed
Kramer 1996a
    1. Kramer MS. Nutritional advice in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000149] - DOI - PubMed
Kramer 1996b
    1. Kramer MS. Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000118] - DOI - PubMed
Kramer 1996c
    1. Kramer MS. High protein supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000105] - DOI - PubMed
Larson 2017
    1. Larson LM, Yousafzai AK. A meta‐analysis of nutrition interventions on mental development of children under‐two in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2017;13(1):e12229. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12229; PUBMED: 26607403] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lassi 2013a
    1. Lassi ZS, Das JK, Zahid G, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013;13(Suppl 3):S13. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S13; PMC3847349; PUBMED: 24564534] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lassi 2013b
    1. Lassi ZS, Zahid G, Das JK, Bhutta ZA. Systematic review of complementary feeding strategies amongst children less than two years of age. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a38ed915d3cfd000654/Revised‐... (accessed prior to 25 September 2018).
Lawson 2012
    1. Lawson TM. Impact of School Feeding Programs on Educational, Nutritional, and Agricultural Development Goals: A Systematic Review of Literature [Masters Thesis]. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State University; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, 2012. [ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/142466/2/2012LawsonPlanB.pdf]
Lenters 2013
    1. Lenters LM, Wazny K, Webb P, Ahmed T, Bhutta ZA. Treatment of severe and moderate acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income settings: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and Delphi process. BMC Public Health 2013;13(Suppl 3):S23. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S23; PMC3847503; PUBMED: 24564235] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lerch 2007
    1. Lerch C, Meissner T. Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Liberato 2013
    1. Liberato SC, Singh G, Mulholland K. Effects of protein energy supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth: a review of the literature focusing on contextual factors. Food & Nutrition Research 2013;57:20499. [DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.20499; PMC3827488; PUBMED: 24235913] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Loveday 2012
    1. Loveday H, Smales C, Tsiami A, Browne J. The effectiveness of nutritional interventions to reduce the risk of healthcare‐associated infection in the undernourished elderly: a systematic review. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews 2012;10(Suppl 14):1‐18. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2012-276; PUBMED: 27820446] - DOI - PubMed
Manders 2004
    1. Manders M, Groot LC, Staveren WA, Wouters‐Wesseling W, Mulders AJ, Schols JM, et al. Effectiveness of nutritional supplements on cognitive functioning in elderly persons: a systematic review. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004; Vol. 59, issue 10:M1041‐9. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/59.10.M1041; PUBMED: 15528776] - DOI - PubMed
Marshall 2013
    1. Marshall S, Bauer J, Capra S, Isenring E. Are informal carers and community care workers effective in managing malnutrition in the older adult community? A systematic review of current evidence. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2013;17(8):645‐51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0341-z; PUBMED: 24097017] - DOI - PubMed
Matsuyama 2017
    1. Matsuyama M, Harb T, David M, Davies PS, Hill RJ. Effect of fortified milk on growth and nutritional status in young children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Public Health Nutrition 2017;20(7):1214‐25. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016003189; PUBMED: 27938461] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McGrath 2015
    1. McGrath CJ, Diener L, Richardson BA, Peacock‐Chambers E, John‐Stewart GC. Growth reconstitution following antiretroviral therapy and nutritional supplementation: systematic review and meta‐analysis. AIDS 2015;29(15):2009‐23. [DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000783; PMC4579534; PUBMED: 26355573] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McHenry 2015
    1. McHenry MS, Dixit A, Vreeman RC. A systematic review of nutritional supplementation in HIV‐Infected children in resource‐limited settings. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 2015;14(4):313‐23. [DOI: 10.1177/2325957414539044; PUBMED: 24943654] - DOI - PubMed
Milne 2009
    1. Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Milte 2013
    1. Milte RK, Ratcliffe J, Miller MD, Crotty M. Economic evaluation for protein and energy supplementation in adults: opportunities to strengthen the evidence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;67(12):1243‐50. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.206; PUBMED: 24169464] - DOI - PubMed
Morilla‐Herrera 2016
    1. Morilla‐Herrera JC, Martin‐Santos FJ, Caro‐Bautista J, Saucedo‐Figueredo C, Garcia‐Mayor S, Morales‐Asencio JM. Effectiveness of food‐based fortification in older people. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2016;20(2):178‐84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0591-z; PUBMED: 26812514] - DOI - PubMed
Potter 1998
    1. Potter J, Langhorne P, Roberts M. Routine protein energy supplementation in adults: systematic review. BMJ 1998;317(7157):495‐501. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7157.495; PUBMED: 9712593] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ramakrishnan 2014
    1. Ramakrishnan U, Imhoff‐Kunsch B, Martorell R. Maternal nutrition interventions to improve maternal, newborn, and child health outcomes. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series 2014;78:71‐80. [DOI: 10.1159/000354942; PUBMED: 24504208] - DOI - PubMed
Schultz 2015
    1. Schultz DJ, Byker Shanks C, Houghtaling B. The impact of the 2009 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Food Package revisions on participants: a systematic review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;115(11):1832‐46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.381; PUBMED: 26276067 ] - DOI - PubMed
Stevens 2015
    1. Stevens B, Buettner P, Watt K, Clough A, Brimblecombe J, Judd J. The effect of balanced protein energy supplementation in undernourished pregnant women and child physical growth in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2015;11(4):415‐32. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12183; PUBMED: 25857334] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stratton 2000
    1. Stratton RJ, Elia M. Are oral nutritional supplements of benefit to patients in the community? Findings from a systematic review. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2000;3(4):311‐5. [PUBMED: 10929679] - PubMed
Stratton 2013
    1. Stratton RJ, Hébuterne X, Elia M. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impact of oral nutritional supplements on hospital readmissions. Ageing Research Reviews 2013;12(4):884‐97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.07.002; PUBMED: 23891685] - DOI - PubMed
Thorne 2014
    1. Thorne F, Baldwin C. Multimodal interventions including nutrition in the prevention and management of disease‐related malnutrition in adults: a systematic review of randomised control trials. Clinical Nutrition 2014;33(3):375‐84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.018; PUBMED: 24485001] - DOI - PubMed
Trabal 2015
    1. Trabal J, Farran‐Codina A. Effects of dietary enrichment with conventional foods on energy and protein intake in older adults: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews 2015;73(9):624‐33. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv023; PUBMED: 26180256] - DOI - PubMed
Tsiami 2013
    1. Tsiami A, Bak, A, Browne J, Loveday HP. The effectiveness of nutritional interventions to reduce the risk of healthcare‐associated infection in the undernourished elderly: a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence‐Based Healthcare 2013;11(3):255‐6. - PubMed
Valle 2004
    1. Valle NJ, Santos IS, Gigante DP. Nutritional interventions and child growth among under‐two‐year‐olds: a systematic review [Intervenções nutricionais e crescimento infantil em crianças de até dois anos de idade: uma revisão sistemática]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2004;20(6):1458‐67. [DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X2004000600003] - DOI - PubMed
Vandenplas 2014
    1. Vandenplas Y, Ronne N, Sompel A, Huysentruyt K, Robert M, Rigo J, et al. A Belgian consensus‐statement on growing‐up milks for children 12‐36 months old. European Journal of Pediatrics 2014;173(10):1365‐71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2321-7; PUBMED: 24764116] - DOI - PubMed
Wang 2013
    1. Wang D, Stewart D. The implementation and effectiveness of school‐based nutrition promotion programmes using a health‐promoting schools approach: a systematic review. Public Health Nutrition 2013;16(6):1082‐100. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003497; PUBMED: 22850118] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wright 2015
    1. Wright J, Baldwin C. A systematic review of oral nutritional support with or without exercise in the management of malnutrition in nutritionally vulnerable older people. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=27323 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42015027323] - PubMed
Wrottesley 2016
    1. Wrottesley SV, Lamper C, Pisa PT. Review of the importance of nutrition during the first 1000 days: maternal nutritional status and its associations with fetal growth and birth, neonatal and infant outcomes among African women. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2016;7(2):144‐62. [DOI: 10.1017/S2040174415001439; PUBMED: 26279311] - DOI - PubMed

Additional references

Agarwal 1989
    1. Agarwal DK, Agarwal KN, Upadhyay SK. Effect of mid‐day meal programme on physical growth & mental function. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1989;90:163‐74. [PUBMED: 2767740] - PubMed
Ashman 2014
    1. Ashman A, Collins C, Rae K, Rollo M, Brown L. The effectiveness of nutrition interventions for pregnant indigenous women: a systematic review. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=12984 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42014012984]
Beaton 1982
    1. Beaton GH, Ghassemi H. Supplementary feeding programs for young children in developing countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35(Suppl 4):863‐916. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/35.4.864; PUBMED: 7039297] - DOI - PubMed
Bhandari 2001
    1. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Nayyar B, Khokhar P, Rohde JE, Bhan MK. Food supplementation with encouragement to feed it to infants from 4 to 12 months of age has a small impact on weight gain. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(7):1946‐51. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1946; PUBMED: 11435512] - DOI - PubMed
Bhutta 2013
    1. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, et al. Evidence‐based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?. Lancet 2013;382(9890):452‐77. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4] - DOI - PubMed
Black 2013
    1. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low‐income and middle‐income countries. Lancet 2013;382(9890):427‐51. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X; PUBMED: 23746772] - DOI - PubMed
Bro 1994
    1. Bro RT, Shank L, Williams R, McLaughlin TF. The effects of an in‐class breakfast program on attendance and on‐task behaviour of high school students. Child & Family Behavior Therapy 1994;16(3):1‐8. [DOI: 10.1300/J019v16n03_01] - DOI
Bro 1996
    1. Bro RT, Shank LL, McLaughlin TF, Williams RL. Effects of a breakfast program on on‐task behaviours of vocational high school students. Journal of Educational Research 1996;90(2):111–5. [DOI: 10.1080/00220671.1996.9944452] - DOI
Burns 2010
    1. Burns C, Kristjansson B, Harris G, Armstrong R, Cummins S, Black A, et al. Community level interventions to improve food security in developed countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008913] - DOI
Castleman 2011
    1. Castleman T, Mwadime R. Randomised Controlled Trial of the Impact of Supplementary Food on Malnourished Adult ART Clients and Adult Pre‐ART Clients in Kenya. Nairobi: FANTA‐KEMRI, 2011.
Chang 1996
    1. Chang SM, Walker SP, Himes J, Grantham‐McGregor SM. Effects of breakfast on classroom behavior in rural Jamaican schoolchildren. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1996;17(3):248‐57. [archive.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F173e/8F173E0k.htm]
Coyne 1980
    1. Coyne T, Dowling M, Condon‐Paoloni D. Evaluation of the preschool meals program on the nutritional health of Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1980;2(7):369‐75. [PUBMED: 7453609 ] - PubMed
D'Souza 2005
    1. D'Souza L, Renfrew M, McCormick F, Dyson L, Wright K, Henderson J, et al. The effectiveness of food support programmes for low‐income women in developed country settings: a systematic review of the evidence. www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/ShowRecord.asp?ID=12006008123 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018).
De Pee 2009
    1. Pee S, Bloem MW. Current and potential role of specially formulated foods and food supplements for preventing malnutrition among 6‐ to 23‐month‐old children and for treating moderate malnutrition among 6‐ to 59‐month‐old children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2009;30(Suppl 3):S434‐63. [DOI: 10.1177/15648265090303S305; PUBMED: 19998866] - DOI - PubMed
De Romaña 2000
    1. Romaño GL. Experience with complementary feeding in the FONCODES Project. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2000;21(1):43‐8. [DOI: 10.1177/156482650002100107] - DOI
Devadas 1971
    1. Devadas RP, Balambal M, Kumari NU. Impact of an applied nutrition programme on the nutritional status of pre‐school children in a village. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 1971;8(5):260‐3. [19721406619]
Devadas 1979
    1. Devadas RP, Jamala S, Surabhi VA, Murthy NK. Evaluation of a food supplement to school children. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 1979;16:335‐41. [agris.fao.org/agris‐search/search.do?recordID=IN8000386]
Devereux 2018
    1. Devereux S, Hochfeld T, Karriem A, Mensah C, Morahanye M, Msimango T, et al. School feeding in South Africa: what we know, what we don't know, what we need to know, what we need to do. foodsecurity.ac.za/wp‐content/uploads/2018/06/CoE‐FS‐WP4‐School‐Feeding‐... (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [foodsecurity.ac.za/wp‐content/uploads/2018/06/CoE‐FS‐WP4‐School‐Feeding‐...
Durao 2015
    1. Durao S, Schoonees A, Ramokolo V, Oliveira JM, Kristjansson E. Community‐level interventions for improving access to food in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011504] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
FAO 1996
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome declaration on world food security. www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM (accessed 10 July 2017).
FAO 2008
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008: High food Prices and Food Security ‐ Threats and Opportunities. Rome: FAO, 2008. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐106049‐0; www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm]
FAO 2010
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises. Rome: FAO, 2010. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐106610‐2; www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf]
FAO 2013
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP). The State of Food Insecurity in the World: The Multiple Dimensions of Food Security. Rome: FAO, 2013. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐107916‐4 ; www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf]
FAO 2014
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP). The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Strengthening the Enabling Environment for Food Security and Nutrition. Rome: FAO, 2014. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐108542‐4; reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a‐i4030e.pdf]
FAO 2015
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP). The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2015: Meeting the 2015 International Hunger targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Rome: FAO, 2015. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐108785‐5; www.fao.org/3/a‐i4646e.pdf]
FAO 2017
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges. Rome: FAO, 2017. [ISBN 978‐92‐5‐109551‐5]
FAO and WHO 2014
    1. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). World Health Organization (WHO). Conference outcome document: Rome declaration on nutrition. www.fao.org/3/a‐ml542e.pdf (accessed prior to 25 September 2018).
Fauveau 1992
    1. Fauveau C, Siddiqui M, Briend A, Silimperi DR, Begum N, Fauveau V. Limited impact of a targeted food supplementation programme in Bangladeshi urban slum children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health 1992;12(1):41‐6. [DOI: 10.1080/02724936.1992.11747545] - DOI - PubMed
FSIN 2017
    1. Food Security Information Network (FSIN). Global report on food crises 2017. www.wfp.org/content/global‐report‐food‐crisis‐2017 (accessed 10 July 2017).
Garrett 2011
    1. Garrett J, Natalicchio M, editor(s). Working Multisectorally in Nutrition: Principles, Practices and Case Studies. Washington (DC): International Food Policy Research Institute, 2011. [ISBN 978‐0‐89629‐181‐2]
Gera 2016
    1. Gera T, Sachdev HS. Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for the treatment of 6‐ to 59‐month‐old children with moderate acute malnutrition. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=36458 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42016036458]
Gera 2017
    1. Gera T, Pena‐Rosas JP, Boy‐Mena E, Sachdev HS. Lipid based nutrient supplements (LNS) for treatment of children (6 months to 59 months) with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM): a systematic review. PloS One 2017;12(9):e0182096. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182096] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gibbs 2012
    1. Gibbs M, Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at‐risk adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009840] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Global Humanitarian Assistance 2014
    1. Global Humanitarian Assistance. Defining humanitarian assistance. www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/data‐guides/defining‐humanitarian‐aid (accessed 10 July 2017).
Gopalan 1973
    1. Gopalan C, Swaninathan MC, Kumari VK, Rao DH, Vijayaraghavan K. Effect of calorie supplementation on growth of undernourished children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1973;26(5):563‐6. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/26.5.563; PUBMED: 4633703] - DOI - PubMed
Goudet 2015
    1. Goudet SM, Griffiths PL, Bogin BA, Madise NJ. Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (0 to 5 years) living in urban slums in low and middle‐income countries (LMIC). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011695] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Grantham‐McGregor 1991
    1. Grantham‐McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study. Lancet 1991;338(8758):1‐5. [PUBMED: 1676083] - PubMed
Grantham‐McGregor 1997
    1. Grantham‐McGregor SM, Walker SP, Chang SM, Powell CA. Effects of early childhood supplementation with and without stimulation on later development in stunted Jamaican children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(2):247‐53. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.2.247; PUBMED: 9250101] - DOI - PubMed
Grantham‐McGregor 2007
    1. Grantham‐McGregor S, International Child Development Committee. Early child development in developing countries. Lancet 2007;369(9564):824. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60404-8; PUBMED: 17350449] - DOI - PubMed
Grobler 2014
    1. Grobler L, Visser M, Siegfried N, Young T, Schoonees A. Effects of oral supplementary foods or nutrition counselling or both on infants and children (6–59 m) with severe or moderate under nutrition on linear growth, becoming overweight or obese, developing risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, and developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus later in life. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=13863 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42014013863]
Gwynn 2015
    1. Gwynn J, Sim K, Brimblecombe J, Lee A, O'Dea K, Turner N, et al. Dietary interventions to improve nutritional status and health outcomes in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: a systematic review. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=29551 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42015029551]
Husaini 1991
    1. Husaini MA, Karyadi L, Husaini YK, Sandjaja, Karyadi D, Pollitt E. Developmental effects of short‐term supplementary feeding in nutritionally‐at‐risk Indonesian infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54(5):799‐804. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.5.799; PUBMED: 1951149] - DOI - PubMed
Iannotti 2014
    1. Iannotti LL, Dulience SJ, Green J, Joseph S, Francois J, Anténor ML, et al. Linear growth increased in young children in an urban slum of Haiti: a randomized controlled trial of lipid‐based nutrient supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(1):198‐208. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.063883; NCT01552512; PMC3862455; PUBMED: 24225356] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
IFPRI 2014
    1. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Global Nutrition Report 2014: Actions and Accountability to Accelerate the World's Progress on Nutrition. Washington (DC): IFRPI, 2014. [DOI: 10.2499/9780896295643; ISBN 978‐0‐89629‐564‐3; www.ifpri.org/publication/global‐nutrition‐report‐2014‐actions‐and‐accou... - DOI - PMC - PubMed
IFPRI 2016
    1. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030. Washington (DC): IFPRI, 2016. [DOI: 10.2499/9780896295841; ISBN 2380‐6443; www.ifpri.org/publication/global‐nutrition‐report‐2016‐promise‐impact‐en... - DOI
Isanaka 2009
    1. Isanaka S, Nombela N, Djibo A, Poupard M, Beckhoven D, Gaboulaud V, et al. Effect of preventive supplementation with ready‐to‐use therapeutic food on the nutritional status, mortality, and morbidity of children aged 6 to 60 months in Niger: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA 2009;301(3):277‐85. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2008.1018; NCT00682708; PMC3144630; PUBMED: 19155454] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jahnavi 2010
    1. Jahnavi G, Sudha CH. Randomised controlled trial of food supplements in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting. Singapore Medical Journal 2010;51(12):957‐62. [PUBMED: 21221502] - PubMed
Jeremiah 2014
    1. Jeremiah K, Denti P, Chigutsa E, Faurholt‐Jepsen D, PrayGod G, Range N, et al. Nutritional supplementation increases rifampin exposure among tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2014;58(6):3468‐74. [DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02307-13; PMC4068463; PUBMED: 24709267] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Keithley 2002
    1. Keithley JK, Swanson B, Zeller JM, Sha BE, Cohen M, Hershow R, et al. Comparison of standard and immune‐enhancing oral formulas in asymptomatic HIV‐infected persons: a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2002;26(1):6‐14. [DOI: 10.1177/014860710202600106; PUBMED: 11833753] - DOI - PubMed
Kristjansson 2015b
    1. Kristjansson E, Francis DK, Liberato S, Jandu MB, Welch V, Batal M, et al. Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio‐economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2015;11:1‐226. [DOI: 10.4073/csr.2015:11] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kristjansson 2015c
    1. Kristjansson E, Francis D, Liberato S, Greenhalgh T, Welch V, Jandu MB, et al. Supplementary Feeding for Improving the Health of Disadvantaged Infants and Young Children: A Systematic and Realist Review, 3ie Systematic Review 15. London: 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2016.
Lauque 2004
    1. Lauque S, Arnaud‐Battandier F, Gillette S, Plaze JM, Andrieu S, Cantet C, et al. Improvement of weight and fat‐free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(10):1702‐7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52464.x; PUBMED: 15450048] - DOI - PubMed
Lutter 2008
    1. Lutter CK, Rodríguez A, Fuenmayor G, Avila L, Sempertegui F, Escobar J. Growth and micronutrient status in children receiving a fortified complementary food. Journal of Nutrition 2008;138(2):379‐88. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.2.379] - DOI - PubMed
Mahan 2011
    1. Mahan LK, Escott‐Stump S, Raymond JL. Krause's Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 13th Edition. Missouri (MO): Elsevier Saunders, 2011. [ISBN 978‐1‐4377‐2233‐8]
McKay 1978
    1. McKay H, Sinisterra L, McKay A, Gomez H, Lloreda P. Improving cognitive ability in chronically deprived children. Science 1978;200(4339):270‐8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.635585; PUBMED: 635585] - DOI - PubMed
MI 2009
    1. Micronutrient Initiative (MI). Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Global report 2009. www.unitedcalltoaction.org/documents/Investing_in_the_future.pdf (accessed 13 February 2013).
Milne 2005
    1. Milne AC, Avenell A, Potter J. Oral protein and energy supplementation in older people: a systematic review of randomised trials. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Clinical and Performance Program 2005;10:103‐25. [DOI: 10.1159/000083301; PUBMED: 15818025] - DOI - PubMed
Moreno 2005
    1. Moreno YF, Sgarbieri VC, Silva MN, Toro AA, Vilela MM. Features of whey protein concentrate supplementation in children with rapidly progressive HIV infection. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2005;52(1):34‐8. [DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmi074; PUBMED: 16014759] - DOI - PubMed
Morris 2008
    1. Morris S, Cogill B, Uauy R, Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group. Effective international action against malnutrition: why has it proven so difficult and what can be done to accelerate progress?. Lancet 2008;371(9612):608‐21. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61695-X; PUBMED: 18206225] - DOI - PubMed
Neumann 2003
    1. Neumann CG, Bwibo NO, Murphy SP, Sigman M, Whaley S, Allen LH, et al. Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(11 Suppl 2):3941S‐9S. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3941S; PUBMED: 14672294] - DOI - PubMed
Obatolu 2003
    1. Obatolu VA. Growth pattern of infants fed with a mixture of extruded malted maize and cowpea. Nutrition 2003;19(2):174‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01102-4; PUBMED: 12591556] - DOI - PubMed
Oluwaniyi 2015
    1. Oluwaniyi T, Adegboye A. Impact of lipid based nutrient supplements for prevention of childhood malnutrition: a systematic review. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=25019 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42015025019]
Paige 1976
    1. Paige DM, Cordano AP, Huang SS. Nutritional supplementation of disadvantaged elementary‐school children. Pediatrics 1976;58(5):697‐703. [PUBMED: 980602] - PubMed
Paton 2004
    1. Paton NI, Chua YK, Earnest A, Chee CB. Randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80(2):460‐5. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.460; PUBMED: 15277171] - DOI - PubMed
Pollitt 1997
    1. Pollitt E, Watkins WE, Husaini MA. Three‐month nutritional supplementation in Indonesian infants and toddlers benefits memory function 8 y later. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(6):1357‐63. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.6.1357; PUBMED: 9394687] - DOI - PubMed
Pollitt 2000
    1. Pollitt E, Durnin JV, Husani M, Jahari A. Effect of an energy and micro‐nutrient supplement on growth and development in undernourished children in Indonesia: methods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;54(Suppl 2):S16‐20. [PUBMED: 10902983] - PubMed
Powel 1983
    1. Powell C, Grantham‐McGregor S, Elston M. An evaluation of giving the Jamaican government school meal to a class of children. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 1983;37(5):381–8. [PUBMED: 6654697] - PubMed
PrayGod 2011
    1. PrayGod G, Range N, Faurholt‐Jepsen D, Jeremiah K, Faurholt‐Jepsen M, Aabye MG, et al. Daily multi‐micronutrient supplementation during tuberculosis treatment increases weight and grip strength among HIV‐uninfected but not HIV‐infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania. Journal of Nutrition 2011;141(4):685‐91. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.131672; PUBMED: 21346105] - DOI - PubMed
Pérez‐Guzmán 2005
    1. Pérez‐Guzmán C, Vargas MH, Quiñonez F, Bazavilvazo N, Aguilar A. A cholesterol‐rich diet accelerates bacteriologic sterilization in pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 2005;127(2):643‐51. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.127.2.643; PUBMED: 15706008] - DOI - PubMed
Rabeneck 1998
    1. Rabeneck L, Palmer A, Knowles JB, Seidehamel RJ, Harris CL, Merkel KL, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating nutrition counselling with or without supplementation in malnourished HIV‐infected patients. Journal of American Dietary Association 1998;98(4):434‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00099-6; PUBMED: 9550167] - DOI - PubMed
Rivera 2004
    1. Rivera JA, Sotres‐Alvarez D, Habicht JP, Shamah T, Villalpando S. Impact of the Mexican program for education, health, and nutrition (Progresa) on rates of growth and anaemia in infants and young children: a randomized effectiveness study. JAMA 2004;291(21):2563‐70. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.21.2563; PUBMED: 15173147] - DOI - PubMed
Rollins 2007
    1. Rollins NC, Broeck J, Kindra G, Pent M, Kasambira T, Bennish ML. The effect of nutritional support on weight gain of HIV‐infected children with prolonged diarrhoea. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96(1):62‐8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00013.x; PUBMED: 17187606] - DOI - PubMed
Roy 2005
    1. Roy SK, Fuchs GJ, Mahmud Z, Ara G, Islam S, Shafique S, et al. Intensive nutrition education with or without supplementary feeding improves the nutritional status of moderately‐malnourished children in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2005;23(4):320‐3. [PUBMED: 16599102] - PubMed
Ruel 2013
    1. Ruel MT, Alderman H, Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Nutrition‐sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? . Lancet 2013;382(9891):536‐51. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0; PUBMED: 23746780] - DOI - PubMed
Rush 1980
    1. Rush D, Stein Z, Susser M. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation in New York City. Pediatrics 1980;66(4):683‐97. [PUBMED: 6988785] - PubMed
Santos 2005
    1. Santos IS, Gigante DP, Coitinho DC, Haisma H, Valle NC, Valente G. Evaluation of the impact of a nutritional program for undernourished children in Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2005;21(3):776‐85. [DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300011] - DOI - PubMed
Shea 2007a
    1. Shea BJ, Bouter LM, Peterson J, Boers M, Andersson N, Ortiz Z, et al. External validation of a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR). PloS One 2007;2(12):e1350. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001350; PMC2131785; PUBMED: 18159233] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shea 2007b
    1. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007;7:10. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-10; PMC1810543; PUBMED: 17302989] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shea 2009
    1. Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, Bouter LM, Kristjansson E, Grimshaw JM, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(10):1013‐20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.10.009; PUBMED: 19230606] - DOI - PubMed
Shemilt 2004
    1. Shemilt I, Harvey I, Shepstone L, Swift L, Reading R, Mugford M, et al. A national evaluation of school breakfast clubs: evidence from a cluster randomized controlled trial and an observational analysis. Child: Care, Health and Development 2004;30(5):413‐27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00453.x; PUBMED: 15320919] - DOI - PubMed
Simondon 1996
    1. Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba JP, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short‐term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4‐7‐mo‐old infants in developing countries: a four‐country randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;64(4):537‐45. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.4.537; PUBMED: 8839497] - DOI - PubMed
Soboka 2015
    1. Soboka M, Feyissa GT. The effectiveness of counselling, material support and/or nutritional supplementation on improving adherence to anti‐retroviral therapy and clinical outcomes among HIV patients: a systematic review of quantitative evidence protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 2015; Vol. 13, issue 7:142‐52. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2243; PUBMED: 26455853] - DOI - PubMed
Stevens 2013
    1. Stevens B, Judd J, Buettner P, Brimblecombe J, Watt K, Clough A. Balanced protein energy supplementation for undernourished pregnant women in low income countries and child physical growth: a systematic review. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=5115 (accessed prior to 25 September 2018). [CRD42013005115] - PMC - PubMed
Sudarsanam 2011
    1. Sudarsanam TD, John J, Kang G, Mahendri V, Gerrior J, Franciosa M, et al. Pilot randomized trial of nutritional supplementation in patients with tuberculosis and HIV‐tuberculosis coinfection receiving directly observed short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2011;16(6):699‐706. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02761.x; PMC3918515; PUBMED: 21418447] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sundaram 2015
    1. Sundaram JK, Rawal V, Clark MT. Ending Malnutrition: from Commitment to Action. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 2015. [978‐92‐5‐108872‐2]
Thakwalakwa 2010
    1. Thakwalakwa C, Ashorn P, Phuka J, Cheung YB, Briend A, Puumalainen T, et al. A lipid‐based nutrient supplement but not corn‐soy blend modestly increases weight gain among 6‐ to18‐month‐old moderately underweight children in rural Malawi. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(11):2008‐13. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.122499; NCT00420368; PUBMED: 20861218] - DOI - PubMed
Thorley 2015
    1. Thorley H, Porter K, Fleming C, Jones T, Kesten J, Marques E, et al. Interventions for preventing or treating malnutrition in problem drinkers who are homeless or vulnerably housed: protocol for a systematic review. Systematic Reviews 2015; Vol. 4:131. [DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0114-3; CRD42015024247; PMC4589081; PUBMED: 26424296] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tisdall 1951
    1. Tisdall FF, Robertson EC, Drake TG, Jackson SH, Fowler HM, Long JA, et al. The Canadian Red Cross School Meals Study. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1951;64(6):477‐89. [PMC1821925; PUBMED: 14839578] - PMC - PubMed
Tomedi 2012
    1. Tomedi A, Rohan‐Minjares F, McCalmont K, Ashton R, Opiyo R, Mwanthi M. Feasibility and effectiveness of supplementation with locally available foods in prevention of child malnutrition in Kenya. Public Health Nutrition 2012;15(4):749‐56. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980011002217; PUBMED: 21896234] - DOI - PubMed
UN 2015a
    1. United Nations (UN). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%... (accessed 10 July 2017).
UN 2015b
    1. United Nations (UN). United Nations decade of action on nutrition (2016‐2025). www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/L.42 (accessed 14 August 2017).
UN 2016
    1. United Nations (UN). Sustainable development knowledge platform. sustainabledevelopment.un.org (accessed 14 August 2017).
UNHCR/WFP 1999
    1. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), World Food Programme (WFP). UNHCR/WFP guidelines for selective feeding programmes in emergency situations. conflict.lshtm.ac.uk/media/UNHCR_WFP_Guidelines_for_SFP_In_Emergencies.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017).
UNICEF 1990
    1. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries. www.ceecis.org/iodine/01_global/01_pl/01_01_other_1992_unicef.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017). - PubMed
UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group 2017
    1. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank Group. Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates. Key findings of the 2017 edition. www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_brochoure2017.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 14 August 2017).
WEF 2016
    1. World Economic Forum. The global risks report 2016, 11th edition. www3.weforum.org/docs/GRR/WEF_GRR16.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017).
WHO 1999
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). A critical link: interventions for physical growth and psychological development. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66677/WHO_CHS_CAH_99.3.pdf?sequ... (accessed 10 July 2017).
WHO 2012
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). Technical note: supplementary foods for the management of moderate acute malnutrition in infants and children 6–59 months of age. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75836/1/9789241504423_eng.pdf (accessed 13 February 2013).
WHO 2016
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255413/WHO‐NMH‐NHD‐17.3‐eng.pdf... (accessed 10 July 2017).
Yamani 2009
    1. Yamani E, Kaba‐Mebri J, Mouala C, Gresenguet G, Rey JL. Use of spirulina supplement for nutritional management of HIV‐infected patients: study in Bangui, Central African Republic [Intérêt de la spiruline chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH a Bangui (RCA)]. Medecine Tropicale 2009;69(1):66‐70. [PUBMED: 19499738] - PubMed
Yeung 2000
    1. Yeung GS, Zlotkin SH. Efficacy of meat and iron‐fortified commercial cereal to prevent iron depletion in cow milk‐fed infants 6 to 12 months of age: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2000;91(4):263‐7. [DOI: 10.17269/cjph.91.262] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ziegler 2009
    1. Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89(2):525‐32. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26591; PMC2629145; PUBMED: 19073791] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Visser 2013
    1. Visser J, McLachlan MH, Fergusson P, Volmink J, Garner P. Supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations ‐ an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms