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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Nov 15;11(11):CD008712.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008712.pub3.

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia

Christopher Jones  1 , David Hacker, Alan Meaden, Irene Cormac, Claire B Irving, Jun Xia, Sai Zhao, Chunhu Shi, Jue Chen
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia

Christopher Jones et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a psychosocial treatment that aims to help individuals re-evaluate their appraisals of their experiences that can affect their level of distress and problematic behaviour. CBT is now recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as an add-on treatment for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Other psychosocial therapies that are often less expensive are also available as an add-on treatment for people with schizophrenia. This review is also part of a family of Cochrane Reviews on CBT for people with schizophrenia.

Objectives: To assess the effects of CBT compared with other psychosocial therapies as add-on treatments for people with schizophrenia.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study Based Register of Trials (latest 6 March, 2017). This register is compiled by systematic searches of major resources (including AMED, BIOSIS CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and registries of clinical trials) and their monthly updates, handsearches, grey literature, and conference proceedings, with no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records into the register.

Selection criteria: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with schizophrenia who were randomly allocated to receive, in addition to their standard care, either CBT or any other psychosocial therapy. Outcomes of interest included relapse, global state, mental state, adverse events, social functioning, quality of life and satisfaction with treatment. We included trials meeting our inclusion criteria and reporting useable data.

Data collection and analysis: We reliably screened references and selected trials. Review authors, working independently, assessed trials for methodological quality and extracted data from included studies. We analysed dichotomous data on an intention-to-treat basis and continuous data with 60% completion rate. Where possible, for binary data we calculated risk ratio (RR), for continuous data we calculated mean difference (MD), all with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used a fixed-effect model for analyses unless there was unexplained high heterogeneity. We assessed risk of bias for the included studies and used the GRADE approach to produce a 'Summary of findings' table for our main outcomes of interest.

Main results: The review now includes 36 trials with 3542 participants, comparing CBT with a range of other psychosocial therapies that we classified as either active (A) (n = 14) or non active (NA) (n = 14). Trials were often small and at high or unclear risk of bias. When CBT was compared with other psychosocial therapies, no difference in long-term relapse was observed (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29; participants = 375; studies = 5, low-quality evidence). Clinically important change in global state data were not available but data for rehospitalisation were reported. Results showed no clear difference in long term rehospitalisation (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.14; participants = 943; studies = 8, low-quality evidence) nor in long term mental state (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.01; participants = 249; studies = 4, low-quality evidence). No long-term differences were observed for death (RR 1.57, 95% CI 0.62 to 3.98; participants = 627; studies = 6, low-quality evidence). Only average endpoint scale scores were available for social functioning and quality of life. Social functioning scores were similar between groups (long term Social Functioning Scale (SFS): MD 8.80, 95% CI -4.07 to 21.67; participants = 65; studies = 1, very low-quality evidence), and quality of life scores were also similar (medium term Modular System for Quality of Life (MSQOL): MD -4.50, 95% CI -15.66 to 6.66; participants = 64; studies = 1, very low-quality evidence). There was a modest but clear difference favouring CBT for satisfaction with treatment - measured as leaving the study early (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.99; participants = 2392; studies = 26, low quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Evidence based on data from randomised controlled trials indicates there is no clear and convincing advantage for cognitive behavioural therapy over other - and sometimes much less sophisticated and expensive - psychosocial therapies for people with schizophrenia. It should be noted that although much research has been carried out in this area, the quality of evidence available is mostly low or of very low quality. Good quality research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

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Conflict of interest statement

Chris Jones is a Clinical Psychologist who specialises in neuropsychology.

David Hacker is a Clinical Psychologist who specialises in neuropsychology.

Alan Meaden is a Clinical Psychologist who works with persons with psychosis.

Irene Cormac is a Forensic Psychiatrist ‐ no declarations of interest.

Claire Irving is the Managing Editor Cochrane Schizophrenia ‐ no declarations of interest.

Jun Xia runs a company Systematic Review Solutions that specialises in writing and completing systematic reviews ‐ no declarations of interest.

Sai Zhao is an employee of Systematic Review Solutions ‐ no declarations of interest.

Chunhu is an employee of Systematic Review Solutions ‐ no declarations of interest.

Jue Chen is an employee of Systematic Review Solutions ‐ no declarations of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study selection from 2014 and 2015 searching
2
2
Study selection from 2017 searching
3
3
Merged study flow diagrams for all searching up to March 2017
4
4
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study.
5
5
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item presented as percentages across all included studies.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 CBT versus ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES, outcome: 1.50 Satisfaction with treatment: 2. Leaving the study early.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Average endpoint total score various scales, high = good).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 3 Global state: 3. Rehospitalisation.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. General (average endpoint total score, various scales, high = poor).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 6 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 8 Mental state: 3c. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint BPRS subscale, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 9 Mental state: 4a. Specific ‐ hallucinations (average endpoint score PSYRATS, high = poor).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 11 Mental state: 5a. Specific ‐ delusions (average endpoint score PSYRATS subscale, high = poor) ‐ long term.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 13 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 15 Mental state: 6c. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score SANS, high = poor).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 17 Mental state: 6e. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score BPRS subscale, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 18 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 19 Mental state: 7b. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score SCL90, high=poor) ‐ long term.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 22 Mental state: 8c. Specific ‐ depression (average endpoint score HAMD, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 23 Mental state: 9a. Specific ‐ self esteem (average endpoint score RSES, high = good).
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 25 Mental state: 10. Specific ‐ self stigma (average endpoint score SSMI, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 27 Mental state: 11b. Specific ‐ anxiety (average endpoint score HAMA, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 28 Mental state: 11c. Specific ‐ anxiety (average endpoint score SARS, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 29 Mental state: 12b. Specific ‐ clinically important change ‐ Obessive Compulsive Disorder (no improvement).
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 30 Mental state: 12a. Specific ‐ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (average endpoint score Y‐BOCS, high = poor) ‐ short term.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 31 Mental state: 13. Specific ‐ anger/aggression (average endpoint score NAS, high = poor).
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 34 Adverse effect/event(s): 1. Number of events.
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 35 Adverse effect/event(s): 2. Death ‐ any cause.
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 36 Functioning: 1a. Social functioning (average endpoint score various scales, high = good).
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 37 Functioning: 1b. Social functioning (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good).
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 38 Functioning: 2a. Cognitive functioning ‐ insight (average endpoint score various scales, high = good).
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 41 Quality of life: 1a. General (average endpoint score various scales, high = good).
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 42 Quality of life: 2a. Specific (average endpoint score MSQOL, high = good) ‐ short term.
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 43 Quality of life: 2b. Specific (average endpoint score MSQOL, high = good) ‐ medium term.
1.44
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 44 Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early.
1.45
1.45. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 45 Engagement with services: 1. Compliance with medication ‐ favourable compliance ‐ long term.
1.46
1.46. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 46 Engagement with services: 2. Attitude to medication (average endpoint score, various scales, high = good).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Rehospitalisation.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 4 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS, high = poor).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 5 Mental state: 4a. Specific ‐ hallucinations (average endpoint score PSRS, high = poor).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 6 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 7 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 8 Adverse effect/event(s): 2. Death ‐ any cause.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 9 Functioning: 1b. Social functioning (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 10 Functioning: 2a. Cognitive functioning ‐ insight (average endpoint score various scales, high = good).
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 11 Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP 1: CBT versus ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 12 Engagement with services: 1. Compliance with medication ‐ favourable compliance ‐ long term.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Rehospitalisation.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 4 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS, high = poor).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 5 Mental state: 4a. Specific ‐ hallucinations (average endpoint score PSRS, high = poor).
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 6 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 7 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 8 Adverse effect/event(s): 2. Death ‐ any cause.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 9 Functioning: 1b. Social functioning (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good).
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 10 Functioning: 2a. Cognitive functioning ‐ insight (average endpoint score various scales, high = good).
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 11 Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP 2: CBT versus NON ACTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES, Outcome 12 Engagement with services: 1. Compliance with medication ‐ favourable compliance ‐ long term.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ medium term.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ long term.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 3 Global state: 2. Rehospitalisation ‐ long term.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 4 Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ medium term.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 5 Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 6 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS, high = poor) ‐ short term.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 7 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS, high = poor) ‐ medium term term.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 8 Mental state: 3a. Specific ‐ positive symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS, high = poor) ‐ long term.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 9 Mental state: 4a. Specific ‐ hallucinations (average endpoint score PSYRATS, high = poor) ‐ long term.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 10 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ short term.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 11 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ medium term.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 12 Mental state: 6a. Specific ‐ negative symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ long term.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 13 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ short term.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 14 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ medium term.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 15 Mental state: 7a. Specific ‐ affective symptoms (average endpoint score PANSS subscale, high = poor) ‐ long term.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 1b. Adverse effect/event(s) ‐ death.
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 17 Functioning: 1b. Social functioning (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good) ‐ long term.
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 18 Functioning: 2a. Cognitive functioning ‐ insight (average endpoint score SAI, high = good) ‐ long term.
4.19
4.19. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 19 Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early.
4.20
4.20. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP 3. CBT versus OTHER THERAPIES (TEST FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE/NON ACTIVE SUBGROUPS, Outcome 20 Engagement with services: 1. Compliance with medication ‐ favourable compliance ‐ long term.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (LESS‐WELL‐DESIGNED CBT), Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ long term.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (LESS‐WELL‐DESIGNED CBT), Outcome 2 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ short term.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (LESS‐WELL‐DESIGNED CBT), Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ medium term.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (LESS‐WELL‐DESIGNED CBT), Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (UNCLEAR EXPERIENCED THERAPISTS), Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ long term.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (UNCLEAR EXPERIENCED THERAPISTS), Outcome 2 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ medium term.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (ASSUMPTION FOR MISSING DATA), Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ medium term.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (ASSUMPTION FOR MISSING DATA), Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ long term.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (ASSUMPTION FOR MISSING DATA), Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ medium term.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (ASSUMPTION FOR MISSING DATA), Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RISK OF BIAS), Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ medium term.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RISK OF BIAS), Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ long term.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RISK OF BIAS), Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ short term.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RISK OF BIAS), Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ medium term.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RISK OF BIAS), Outcome 5 Mental state: 1. General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: CBT versus OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPIES (RANDOM EFFECT MODEL), Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse (random effect model).
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

A ‐ Bechdolf 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bechdolf A, Knost B, Kuntermann C, Schiller S, Klosterkotter J, Hambrecht M, et al. A randomized comparison of group cognitive‐behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004;110(1):21‐8. [CSzG: Ref11268] - PubMed
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A ‐ Buchkremer 1997 {published data only}
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A ‐ Cather 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cather C, Penn D, Otto MW, Yovel I, Mueser KT, Goff DC. A pilot study of functional cognitive behavioral therapy (fCBT) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005;74(23):201‐9. [CSzG: Ref12184] - PubMed
A ‐ Durham 2003 {published data only}
    1. Durham RC, Guthrie M, Morton RV, Reid DA, Treliving LR, Fowler D, et al. Tayside‐Fife clinical trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy for medication‐resistant psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003;182:303‐11. [CSzG: Ref9545] - PubMed
A ‐ Garety 2008 {published data only}
    1. Garety PA, Fowler DG, Freeman D, Bebbington P, Dunn G, Kuipers E. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy and family intervention for relapse prevention and symptom reduction in psychosis: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008;192(6):412‐23. [CSzG: Ref16445] - PubMed
A ‐ Granholm 2013 {published data only}
    1. Granholm E, Holden J, Link P. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training (cbsst) for older people with schizophrenia: Replication and role of defeatist attitudes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011;37:304. [CSzG: Ref22776]
A ‐ Granholm 2014 {published data only}
    1. Granholm E, Holden J, Link PC, McQuaid JR. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for schizophrenia: improvement in functioning and experiential negative symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(6):1173‐85. [CSzG: Ref29118] - PMC - PubMed
A ‐ Haddock 1999 {published data only}
    1. Haddock G, Tarrier N, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Drake R, Lewis S. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of individual inpatient cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1999;34(5):254‐8. [CSzG: Ref8475] - PubMed
A ‐ Jiang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Y, Wang H, Wang J. Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with chronic schizophrenia to obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. Sichuan Mental Health [四川精神卫生] 2010;23:227‐9. [CSzG: Ref24094]
A ‐ Klingberg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cantero MD, Duque A, Valiente C, Fuentenebro F, Villavicencio P, Mehl S, et al. Social cognitive biases as moderators and mediators of successful cognitive behavioural therapy in schizophrenia – results of the positive study. Schizophrenia Research 2012;136(April):1088‐5.
    1. Klingberg S, Herrlich J, Wiedemann G, Wolwer W, Meisner C, Engel C, et al. Adverse effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: results of the treatment of negative symptoms study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2012;200:569‐76. [CSzG: Ref24444] - PubMed
    1. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Herrlich J, Wiedemann G, Meisner C, Buchkremer G, et al. Cognitive behavioural treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients: study design of the TONES study, feasibility and safety of treatment. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2009;259(Suppl 2):S149‐54. [CSzG: Ref20607] - PubMed
    1. Klingberg S, Wolwer W, Engel C, Wittorf A, Herrlich J, Meisner C, et al. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia as primary target of cognitive behavioral therapy: results of the randomized clinical tones study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011;37(Suppl 2):98‐110. [CSzG: Ref23239] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Klingberg S, Wolwer W, Engel C, Wittorf A, Herrlich J, Meisner C, et al. The role of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive remediation for the treatment of negative symptoms. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S36. [CSzG: Ref23741] - PubMed
A ‐ Lecomte 2008 {published data only}
    1. Beauchamp MC, Lecomte T, Lecomte C, Leclerc C, Corbiere M. Personality traits in early psychosis: relationship with symptom and coping treatment outcomes. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2011;5(1):33‐40. [CSzG: Ref22697] - PubMed
    1. Lecomte T, Leclerc C, Corbiere M, Wykes T, Wallace CJ, Spidel A. Group cognitive behavior therapy or social skills training for individuals with a recent onset of psychosis? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2008;196:866‐75. [CSzG: Ref17174] - PubMed
    1. Lecomte T, Leclerc C, Wykes T, Spidel A. Group CBT for early psychosis ‐ are there still benefits 1 year later?. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2010;4(Suppl 1):150. [CSzG: Ref23485]
A ‐ Levine 1998 {published data only}
    1. Levine J, Barak Y, Granek I. Cognitive group therapy for paranoid schizophrenics: applying cognitive dissonance. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 1998;12(1):3‐12. [CSzG: Ref7252]
A ‐ Li 2014 {published data only}
    1. Li ZJ, Guo ZH, Wang N, Xu ZY, Qu Y, Wang XQ, et al. Cognitive–behavioural therapy for patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre randomized controlled trial in Beijing, China. Psychological Medicine 2015;45(9):1893‐905. - PubMed
A ‐ Li 2015 {published data only}
    1. Li H, Shu J, Huang C, Sun H, Zhu Y, Wang S. Comparative study of effects of community comprehensive rehabilitation on family burden and psychological health of their main caregivers of patients the chronic schizophrenia [社区综合康复对慢性精神分裂症患者的家庭负担及照料者心理健康的对比研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2015;27(9):1‐4+7. [CSzG: Ref34296]
A ‐ Li 2015b {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Xiong A, Hou L, Zhao Y, Hou C. Effects of behavior treatment for schizophrenia patients during recovery stage [精神分裂症患者恢复期应用行为治疗的作用分析]. Journal of Hainan Medical University [海南医学院学报] 2015;21(3):430‐2. [CSzG: Ref31686]
A ‐ Ma 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ma Y, Li Z, Xu Z, Guo Z, Qu Y, Wang X, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on coping style for patients with schizophrenia [认知行为治疗对精神分裂症患者应对方式的影响]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology [中国临床心理学杂志] 2013;21(3):455‐7. [CSzG: Ref28418]
    1. Ma Y, Li Z, Xu Z, Guo Z, Qu Y, Wang X, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: a single blind randomized controlled study [认知行为治疗改善精神分裂症患者生活质量的随机单盲对照试验]. Chinese Mental Health Journal [Zhongguo Xin Li Wei Sheng Za Zhi; 中国心理卫生杂志] 2012;26(11):801‐7. [CSzG: Ref27002]
A ‐ Penn 2009 {published data only}
    1. Penn DL, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M. A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive‐behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 2009;109:52‐9. [CSzG: Ref18213] - PubMed
A ‐ Pinto 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pinto A, LaPia S, Mennella R, Giorgio D, DeSimone L. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy and clozapine for clients with treatment refactory schizophrena. Psychiatric Services 1999;50(7):901‐4. [CSzG: Ref5215] - PubMed
A ‐ Tarrier 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tarrier N, Beckett R, Harwood S, Baker A, Yusupoff L, Ugarteburu I. A trial of two cognitive‐behavioural methods of treating drug‐resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;162:524‐32. [CSzG: Ref2814] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Humphreys L, Wittkowski A, Morris, J. Two‐year follow‐up of cognitive behavioral therapy and supportive counselling in the treatment of persistent symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(5):917‐22. [CSzG: Ref5396] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Wittkowski A, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Morris J, Humpherys L. Durability of the effects of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: 12‐month follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999;174:500‐4. [CSzG: Ref3681] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Yusupoff L, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Gledhill A, Haddock G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. BMJ 1998;317:303‐7. [CSzG: Ref3682] - PMC - PubMed
A ‐ Velligan 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT01915017. Interventions to improve functional outcome and persistent symptoms in schizophrenia. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01915017 (first received 26 July 2013). [CSzG: Ref27937]
    1. Velligan DI, Tai S, Roberts DL, Maples‐Aguilar N, Brown M, Mintz J, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive adaptation training, their combination and treatment as usual in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2015;41(3):597‐603. [CSzG: Ref29077] - PMC - PubMed
A ‐ Wittorf 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wittorf A, Jakobi UE, Bannert KK, Bechdolf A, Muller BW, Sartory G, et al. Does the cognitive dispute of psychotic symptoms do harm to the therapeutic alliance?. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2010;198:478‐85. [CSzG: Ref21349] - PubMed
    1. Wittorf A, Klingberg S. The therapeutic alliance in CBT for pychoses: course and predictive value for outcome. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S13‐S4. [CSzG: Ref23759]
NA ‐ Davis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Davis LW, Ringer JM, Strasburger AM, Lysaker PH. Participant evaluation of a CBT program for enhancing work function in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008;32:55‐8. [CSzG: Ref16644] - PubMed
NA ‐ Drury 2000 {published data only}
    1. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;177:8‐14. [CSzG: Ref4107] - PubMed
    1. Drury V, Brichwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. I. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:593‐601. [CSzG: Ref1476] - PubMed
    1. Drury V, Brichwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. II. Impact on recovery time. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:602‐7. [CSzG: Ref1477] - PubMed
NA ‐ Haddock 2009 {published data only}
    1. Haddock G, Barrowclough C, Shaw JJ, Dunn G, Novaco RW, Tarrier N. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy v. social activity therapy for people with psychosis and a history of violence: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009;194(2):152‐7. [CSzG: Ref18298] - PubMed
NA ‐ Jackson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Allott K, Alvarez‐Jimenez M, Killackey EJ, Bendall S, McGorry PD, Jackson HJ. Patient predictors of symptom and functional outcome following cognitive behaviour therapy or befriending in first‐episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2011;132(2‐3):125‐30. [CSzG: Ref23404] - PubMed
    1. Allott KA, Alvarez‐Jimenez M, Bendall S, Killackey EJ, McGorry PD, Jackson HJ. Predictors of functional outcome following CBT in first‐episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011;37:258. [CSzG: Ref22824] - PubMed
    1. Bendall S, Allott K, Jovev M, Marois M, Killackey E, Gleeson J, et al. Therapy contamination as a measure of therapist treatment adherence in a trial of cognitive behaviour therapy versus befriending for psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2015;43:314‐27. [CSzG: Ref29748] - PubMed
    1. Bendall S, Jackson HJ, Killackey E, Allott K, Johnson T, Harrigan S, et al. The credibility and acceptability of befriending as a control therapy in a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for acute first episode psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2006;34:277‐91. [CSzG: Ref18494]
    1. Jackson HJ, McGorry PD, Killackey E, Bendall S, Allott K, Dudgeon P, et al. Acute‐phase and 1‐year follow‐up results of a randomized controlled trial of CBT versus befriending for first‐episode psychosis: the ACE project. Psychological Medicine 2008;38(5):725‐35. [CSzG: Ref16107] - PubMed
NA ‐ Kemp 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kemp R, Hayward P, Applewhaite G, Everitt B, David A. Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1996;312:345‐9. [CSzG: Ref1308] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kemp R, Kirov G, Everitt B, Hayward P, David A. Randomised controlled trial of compliance therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172:413‐9. [CSzG: Ref3499] - PubMed
NA ‐ Lewis 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute‐phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181(S43):S91‐7. [CSzG: Ref8736] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy in first‐episode and early schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:231‐9. [CSzG: Ref10096] - PubMed
NA ‐ Lewis 2002 (L) {published data only}
    1. Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute‐phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181(S43):S91‐7. [CSzG: Ref8736] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy in first‐episode and early schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:231‐9. [CSzG: Ref10096] - PubMed
NA ‐ Lewis 2002 (M) {published data only}
    1. Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute‐phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181(S43):S91‐7. [CSzG: Ref8736] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy in first‐episode and early schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:231‐9. [CSzG: Ref10096] - PubMed
NA ‐ Lewis 2002 (N) {published data only}
    1. Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute‐phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181(S43):S91‐7. [CSzG: Ref8736] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy in first‐episode and early schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:231‐9. [CSzG: Ref10096] - PubMed
NA ‐ Li 2015 {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Li Z, Xin L, Hou L, Zhao Y, Hou C. The efficacy of special cognitive‐behavior approaches on schizophrenia during acute‐phase [特定认知行为技术对急性期精神分裂症的干预效果]. Hebei Medicine [河北医学] 2015;21(06):1018‐20. [CSzG: Ref33920]
NA ‐ O'Donnell 2003 {published data only}
    1. O'Donnell C, Donohoe G, Sharkey L, Owens N, Migone M, Harries R, et al. Compliance therapy: a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia. BMJ 2003;327(7419):834. [CSzG: Ref9883] - PMC - PubMed
NA ‐ Sensky 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sensky T, Turkington D, Kingdon D, Scott JL, Scott J, Siddle R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000;57:165‐72. [CSzG: Ref5259] - PubMed
    1. Turkington D, Sensky T, Scott J, Barnes T, Nur U, Siddle R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavior therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia: a five‐year follow‐up. Schizophrenia Research 2008;98:1‐7. [CSzG: Ref15582] - PubMed
NA ‐ Turkington 2000 {published data only}
    1. Turkington D, Kingdon D. Cognitive‐behavioural techniques for general psychiatrists in the management of patients with psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;177:101‐6. [CSzG: Ref5385] - PubMed
NA ‐ Valmaggia 2005 {published data only}
    1. Valmaggia LR, Gaag MVD, Tarrier N, Pijnenborg M, Slooff CJ. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for refractory psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia resistant to atypical antipsychotic medication. Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;186:324‐30. [CSzG: Ref11462] - PubMed
NA ‐ Zhang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y. Effect of cognitive behavior on coping style in patients with schizophrenia. World Latest Medicine Information [世界最新医学信息文摘] 2015;13(72):63. [CSzG: Ref34641]

References to studies excluded from this review

Anzai 2002 {published data only}
    1. Anzai N, Yoneda S, Kumagai N, Nakamura Y, Ikebuchi E, Liberman R. Training persons with schizophrenia in illness self‐management: a randomised controlled trial in Japan. Psychiatric Services 2002;53(5):545‐7. - PubMed
Arlow 1997 {published data only}
    1. Arlow PB, Moran ME, Bermanzohn PC, Stronger R, Siris SG. Cognitive‐behavioural treatment of panic attacks in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1997;6:145‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Bach 2002 {published data only}
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Barrowclough 2001 {published data only}
    1. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Lewis SW, Moring J, O'Brien R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001;158(10):1706‐13. - PubMed
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Barrowclough 2006 {published data only}
    1. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Lobban F, Jones S, Siddle R, Roberts C, et al. Group cognitive‐behavioural therapy for schizophrenia. Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006;189:527‐32. - PubMed
Bechdolf 2005b {published data only}
    1. Bechdolf A, Veith V, Schwarzer D, Schormann M, Stamm E, Janssen B, et al. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the pre‐psychotic phase: an exploratory study. Psychiatry Research 2005;136(2‐3):251‐5. - PubMed
Bellucci 2002 {published data only}
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Bouchaud 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bouchaud S, Vallieres A, Roy M, Maziade M. Cognitive restructuring in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: a critical analysis. Behavior Therapy 1996;27:257‐77.
Bradshaw 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bradshaw W. Coping‐skills, training versus a problem‐solving approach with schizophrenic patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1993;44(5):491‐500. - PubMed
Bradshaw 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bradshaw W. Integrating cognitive‐behavioral psychotherapy for persons with schizophrenia into a psychiatric rehabilitation program: results of a three year trial. Community Mental Health Journal 2000;36(5):491‐500 . - PubMed
Browning 2013 {published data only}
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Buchanan 1992 {published data only}
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Castle 2002 {published data only}
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Chadwick 1994 {published data only}
    1. Chadwick P, Birchwood M. The omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;164:190‐201. - PubMed
    1. Chadwick P, Lowe C. A cognitive approach to measuring and modifying delusions. Behavioural Research Therapy 1994;32(3):355‐67. - PubMed
Claghorn 1974 {published data only}
    1. Clagthorn JL, Johnstone EE, Cook TH, Itschner L. Group therapy and maintenance treatment of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974;31:361‐5. - PubMed
Daniels 1998 {published data only}
    1. Daniels L. A group cognitive‐behavioural and process‐oriented approach to treating the social impairment and negative symptoms associated with chronic mental illness. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1998;7:167‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Drake 1993 {published data only}
    1. Drake RE, Bebout RR, Roach JP. A research evaluation of social network case management for homeless persons with dual disorders. Social Network Research 1993;1:83‐98.
Edwards 2003 {published data only}
    1. Edwards J, Wong L, Bernett P, Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Wade D, et al. Enduring positive symptoms in first episode psychosis: a randomised controlled trial of clozapine and CBT. International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2003;60:321. - PMC - PubMed
England 2007 {published data only}
    1. England M. Efficacy of cognitive nursing intervention for voice hearing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2007;42(2):69‐76. - PubMed
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Evins 2001 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Mays VK, Rigotti NA, Tisdale T, Cather C, Goff D. A pilot trial of bupropion added to cognitive behavioural therapy for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2001;3:397‐403. - PubMed
Fritze 1988 {published data only}
    1. Fritze J, Forthner B, Schmitt B, Thaler U. Cognitive training adjunctive to pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and depression: a pilot study on the lateralization hypothesis of schizophrenia and depression and on cognitive therapy as adjunctive to pharmacotherapy. Neuropsychobiology 1988;19:45‐50. - PubMed
Garety 1994 {published data only}
    1. Garety PA, Kuiper L, Fowler D, Chamberlin F, Dunn G. Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug‐resistant psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1994;67:259‐71. - PubMed
Garety 1998 {published data only}
    1. Garety P, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Freeman D, Dunn G, Bebbington P, et al. London East‐Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis: II. Predictors of outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;171:420‐6. - PubMed
    1. Kuipers E, Fowler D, Garety P, Chisholm D, Freeman D, Dunn G, et al. London East‐Anglia randomised control trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis III: Follow‐up and economic evaluation at 18 months. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;173:61‐8. - PubMed
    1. Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D, Dunn G, Freeman D, Bebbington P, et al. London East‐Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis: I. Effects of the treatment phase. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;171:319‐27. - PubMed
Gaudiano 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gaudiano BA, Herbert JD. Acute treatment of inpatients with psychotic symptoms using acceptance and commitment therapy: pilot results. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006;44(3):415‐37. - PubMed
Granholm 2005 {published data only}
    1. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Auslander LA, Perivoliotis D, Pedrelli P, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle‐aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;162(3):520‐9. - PubMed
    1. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Link PC, Perivoliotis D, Gottlieb JD, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older people with schizophrenia: 12‐month follow‐up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(5):730‐7 . - PubMed
Grawe 2006 {published data only}
    1. Grawe RW, Falloon IR, Widen JH, Skogvoll E. Two years of continued early treatment for recent‐onset schizophrenia: a randomised controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006;114:328‐36. - PubMed
Gumley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gumley A, O'Grady M, McNay L, Rilley J, Power K, Norrie J. Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: results of a twelve month randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychological Medicine 2003;33:419‐31. - PubMed
Haldun 2002 {published data only}
    1. Haldun S, Mehmet S, Perhan G, Ilkten C, Besti U. Optimal treatment of schizophrenia. 12th World Congress of Psychiatry; 2002 Aug 24‐29; Yokohama, Japan. 2002.
Hartman 1983 {published data only}
    1. Hartman LM, Cashman FE. Cognitive‐behavioral and psychopharmacological treatment of delusional symptoms: a preliminary report. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1983;11:50‐61.
Hayward 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hayward P, Chan N, Kemp R, Youle S, David A. Medication self‐management: a preliminary report on an intervention to improve medication compliance. Journal of Mental Health 1995;4:511‐7.
Hayward 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hayward P, David AS, Green N, Rabe‐Hesketh S, Haworth E, Thompson N, et al. Promoting therapeutic alliance in clozapine users: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses 2009;3(3):127‐32.
Herz 2000 {published data only}
    1. Herz MI, Lamberti JS, Mintz J, Scott R, O'Dell SP, McCartan L, et al. A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000;57(3):277‐83. - PubMed
Hodel 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hodel B, Brenner HD. Cognitive therapy with schizophrenic patients: conceptual basis, present state, future directions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994;90S:108‐15. - PubMed
Hogarty 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DF, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Ulrich RF, et al. Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia: II. Two year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48:340‐7. - PubMed
Hogarty 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty G, Cornblith S, Greenwald D, DiBarry A, Cooley S, Ulrich R, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family. I. Description of study and effects on relapse rates. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1504‐13. - PubMed
    1. Hogarty G, Greenwald D, Ulrich R, Cornblith S, DiBarry A, Cooley S, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family. II: Effects on adjustment of patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1514‐24. - PubMed
Hogarty 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Flesher S, Ulrich R, Carter M, Greenwald D, Pogue‐Geile M, et al. Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia: effects of a 2‐year randomized trial on cognition and behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004;61(9):866‐76. - PubMed
Jackson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jackson H, McGorry P, Edwards J, Hulbert C, Henry L, Francey S, et al. Cognitively oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE): priminary results. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172(Suppl 33):93‐100. - PubMed
Jackson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jackson C. Promoting personal recovery from psychosis: a randomised control trial in first episode schizophrenia. National Research Register 2001.
Kemp 1996b {published data only}
    1. Kemp R, David A. Compliance therapy: an intervention targeting insight and treatment adherence in psychotic patients. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1996;24:331‐50.
Kingdon 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kingdon D, Turkington D. The use of cognitive behavior therapy with a normalizing rationale in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1991;179(4):207‐11. - PubMed
Kuipers 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kuipers E. The management of difficult to treat patients with schizophrenia, using non‐drug therapies. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:41‐51. - PubMed
Kuipers 2004 {published data only}
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Kukla 2014 {published data only}
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Lecompte 1996 {published data only}
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Lysaker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lysaker PH, Davis LW, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on work outcomes in vocational rehabilitation for participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research 2009;107:186‐91 . - PubMed
MacPherson 1996 {published data only}
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McGorry 2002 {published data only}
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Morrison 2002 {published data only}
    1. Morrison AP, Bentall RP, French P, Walford L, Kilcommons A, Knight A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high‐risk individuals. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181(43):78‐84. - PubMed
O'Connor 2007 {published data only}
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Roder 2002 {published data only}
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Sellwood 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sellwood W, Barrowclough C, Tarrier N, Quinn J, Mainwaring J, Lewis S. Needs‐based cognitive‐behavioural family intervention for carers of patients suffering from schizophrenia: 12‐month follow‐up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2001;104(5):346‐55. - PubMed
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Shawyer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shawyer F, Farhall J, Mackinnon A, Trauer T, Sims E, Ratcliff K, et al. A randomised controlled trial of acceptance‐based cognitive behavioural therapy for command hallucinations in psychotic disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012;50:110‐21. - PubMed
Shon 2002 {published data only}
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Startup 2006 {published data only}
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    1. Tarrier N, Beckett R, Harwood S, Baker A, Yusupoff L, Ugarteburu I. A trial of two cognitive behavioural methods of treating drug‐resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;162:524‐32. - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Chung 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chung YC, Kim JH, Eun HB, Hwang IK. Effect of cognitive‐behavioral therapy on the delusion in schizophrenic patients. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2001;40(1):63‐71.
Clarke 2011 {published data only}
    1. Clarke S. A randomised control trial comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with treatment as usual, cognitive behavioural therapy, with treatment resistant participants. public.ukcrn.org.uk (accessed prior to 02 June 2016).
D'Souza 2002 {published data only}
    1. D'Souza R, Rich D, Diamond I, Godfery K. A open randomized control study using a spiritually augmented cognitive behaviour therapy for demoralization and treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2002;36(6):A9‐A.
Delahaye 2009 {published data only}
    1. Delahaye N, Pieters G. Cognitive behavior therapy and family therapy for relapse prevention and symptom reduction in psychosis: randomized controlled efficacy study. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Netherlands 2009;51(10):779‐80.
ISRCTN60855021 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN60855021. Social anxiety research clinic: an exploratory randomised controlled trial of standard versus enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety in early psychosis. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN60855021 (retrospectively received 21 October 2010).
Jones 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jones P. Cts: cognitive training for schizophrenia. public.ukcrn.org.uk/Search/StudyDetail.aspx?StudyID=11571. (accessed prior to 01 June 2017).
Klingberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg S, Wiedemann G, Buchkremer G. Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for schizophrenic patients ‐ design and preliminary results of a randomised effectiveness trial. Zeitschrift Für Klinische Psychologie Und Psychotherapie 2001;30(4):259‐67.
Klingberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Meisner C, Wolwer W, Wiedemann G, Bechdolf A, et al. Specific efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of persistent positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2013;39:S338‐9.
    1. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Meisner C, Wolwer W, Wiedemann G, Herrlich J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus supportive therapy for persistent positive symptoms in psychotic disorders: major results of the positive study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S13.
    1. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Meisner C, Wolwer W, Wiedemann G, Herrlich J, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy versus supportive therapy for persistent positive symptoms in psychotic disorders: the positive study, a multicenter, prospective, single‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Trials 2010;11:123. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Konnopka A, Stuhldreher N, Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Bechdolf A, Muller B, et al. Costs of psychotic disorders and cost‐effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy compared to supportive treatment. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2013;16:S19.
    1. Wagner M. Cognitive biases and cognitive deficits in patients with positive symptoms: relationship with symptoms and with symptom change during psychotherapy. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S14.
Lee 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lee HS, Hyun MH, Cho HS, Lee YH, Kim TY, Chang SA, et al. Effects of cognitive differentiation training of intergrated psychological therapy to the basic cognitive functions in schizophrenic patients. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 1998;37:801‐10.
    1. Lee MH, Lee HS, Cho HS, An SK, Hyun MH, Kim TY, et al. Development of a cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 1999;38:375‐88.
Lystad 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lystad JU, Bull HC, Ueland T, Falkum E. A randomized clinical trial of cognitive remediation versus cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in vocational rehabilitation for adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders ‐ sample characteristics of the first 40 participants in each intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2013;39:S297.
Mirabella 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mirabella F, Rosicarelli ML, Broccoli G, Leoncini L, Marchesini N, Morosini P. Effectiveness assessment of a structured cognitive‐behavioural group therapy on psychiatric inpatients in day centres. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale 2009;15:329‐52.
NCT00980252 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00980252. Medication adherence in schizophrenia: development of a CBT‐based intervention. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00980252 (first received 18 September 2009).
NCT01139502 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT01139502. Cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive training in work rehabilitation for persons with severe mental illness. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01139502 Vol. (first received 2 June 2 2010).
Penades 2006 {published data only}
    1. Penades R, Catalan R, Salamero M, Gasto C. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive remediation therapy for outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. 13th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research; 2006 Feb 4‐10; Davos, Switzerland. Davos, SWITZERLAND: Elsevier Science Bv, 2006:102‐3.
Valmaggia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Valmaggia LR, Gaag M. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for treatment refractory schizophrenia. 9th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research; 2003 Mar 29‐Apr 2; Colorado Spings, Colorado, USA. Colorado Spings, Colorado: Elsevier Science Bv, 2003:305.
Wu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wu N, Wang Q, Kong L. A controlled study of cognitive behaviour therapy in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Diseases 2008;14(3):206.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01992913 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT01992913. Integrated cognitive behavior therapy to improve work outcomes in schizophrenia. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01992913 (first received 01 November 2013).
NCT02170051 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02170051. Improving negative symptoms of psychosis in real‐world environments. http://Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02170051 (first received 18 June 2014).
NCT02349880 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02349880. A shared decision‐making training for inpatients with schizophrenia. https://Clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02349880 (first received 23 January 2015).
Xu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Xu Z, Li Z. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for schizophrenia. www.chictr.org/ (accessed prior to 02 June 2017).

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