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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Nov 21;11(11):CD006135.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006135.pub3.

Probiotics for treating eczema

Areti Makrgeorgou  1 , Jo Leonardi-Bee, Fiona J Bath-Hextall, Dedee F Murrell, Mimi Lk Tang, Amanda Roberts, Robert J Boyle
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Probiotics for treating eczema

Areti Makrgeorgou et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Eczema is a common chronic skin condition. Probiotics have been proposed as an effective treatment for eczema; their use is increasing, as numerous clinical trials are under way. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008, which suggested that probiotics may not be an effective treatment for eczema but identified areas in which evidence was lacking.

Objectives: To assess the effects of probiotics for treating patients of all ages with eczema.

Search methods: We updated our searches of the following databases to January 2017: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library, the Global Resource of Eczema Trials (GREAT) database, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS). We searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We also handsearched a number of conference proceedings. We updated the searches of the main databases in January 2018 and of trials registries in March 2018, but we have not yet incorporated these results into the review.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of probiotics (live orally ingested micro-organisms) compared with no treatment, placebo, or other active intervention with no probiotics for the treatment of eczema diagnosed by a doctor.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. We recorded adverse events from the included studies and from a separate adverse events search conducted for the first review. We formally assessed reporting bias by preparing funnel plots, and we performed trial sequential analysis for the first primary outcome - eczema symptoms at the end of active treatment.We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome (in italic font).

Main results: We included 39 randomised controlled trials involving 2599 randomised participants. We included participants of either gender, aged from the first year of life through to 55 years (only six studies assessed adults), who had mild to severe eczema. Trials were undertaken in primary and secondary healthcare settings, mainly in Europe or Asia. Duration of treatment ranged from four weeks to six months, and duration of follow-up after end of treatment ranged from zero to 36 months. We selected no standard dose: researchers used a variety of doses and concentrations of probiotics. The probiotics used were bacteria of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species, which were taken alone or combined with other probiotics, and were given with or without prebiotics. Comparators were no treatment, placebo, and other treatments with no probiotics.For all results described in this abstract, the comparator was no probiotics. Active treatment ranged from six weeks to three months for all of the following results, apart from the investigator-rated eczema severity outcome, for which the upper limit of active treatment was 16 weeks. With regard to score, the higher the score, the more severe were the symptoms. All key results reported in this abstract were measured at the end of active treatment, except for adverse events, which were measured during the active treatment period.Probiotics probably make little or no difference in participant- or parent-rated symptoms of eczema (13 trials; 754 participants): symptom severity on a scale from 0 to 20 was 0.44 points lower after probiotic treatment (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.22 to 0.33; moderate-quality evidence). Trial sequential analysis shows that target sample sizes of 258 and 456, which are necessary to demonstrate a minimum mean difference of -2 and -1.5, respectively, with 90% power, have been exceeded, suggesting that further trials with similar probiotic strains for this outcome at the end of active treatment may be futile.We found no evidence suggesting that probiotics make a difference in QoL for patients with eczema (six studies; 552 participants; standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.03, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.42; low-quality evidence) when measured by the participant or the parent using validated disease-specific QoL instruments.Probiotics may slightly reduce investigator-rated eczema severity scores (24 trials; 1596 participants). On a scale of 0 to 103 for total Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), a score combining investigator-rated eczema severity score and participant scoring for eczema symptoms of itch and sleep loss was 3.91 points lower after probiotic treatment than after no probiotic treatment (95% CI -5.86 to -1.96; low-quality evidence). The minimum clinically important difference for SCORAD has been estimated to be 8.7 points.We noted significant to extreme levels of unexplainable heterogeneity between the results of individual studies. We judged most studies to be at unclear risk of bias; six studies had high attrition bias, and nine were at low risk of bias overall.We found no evidence to show that probiotics make a difference in the risk of adverse events during active treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.54, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.63; seven trials; 402 participants; low-quality evidence). Studies in our review that reported adverse effects described gastrointestinal symptoms.

Authors' conclusions: Evidence suggests that, compared with no probiotic, currently available probiotic strains probably make little or no difference in improving patient-rated eczema symptoms. Probiotics may make little or no difference in QoL for people with eczema nor in investigator-rated eczema severity score (combined with participant scoring for eczema symptoms of itch and sleep loss); for the latter, the observed effect was small and of uncertain clinical significance. Therefore, use of probiotics for the treatment of eczema is currently not evidence-based. This update found no evidence of increased adverse effects with probiotic use during studies, but a separate adverse events search from the first review revealed that probiotic treatment carries a small risk of adverse events.Results show significant, unexplainable heterogeneity between individual trial results. Only a small number of studies measured some outcomes.Future studies should better measure QoL scores and adverse events, and should report on new probiotics. Researchers should also consider studying subgroups of patients (e.g. patients with atopy or food allergies, adults) and standardising doses/concentrations of probiotics given.

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Conflict of interest statement

Robert Boyle: "I have received speaker honoraria, support for travel to a conference, and a research grant from Danone Research, whose parent company market products containing probiotics. I undertook a consultancy project for an infant formula company (Dairy Goat Cooperative) in 2017, to help them design a robust and ethical clinical trial of an infant formula milk. The project related to prevention of eczema, but did not involve probiotics or eczema treatment". Mimi Tang: "My conflicts of interest are as follows:

  1. past member of global scientific advisory board Danone Nutricia (resigned December 2016);

  2. past member of medical advisory board for Oceania Nestle Nutrition Institute (resigned);

  3. speaker fees at symposia sponsored by Danone Nutricia, Abbott, and Nestle Health Science;

  4. consultant to Deerfield, GLG, and Bayer;

  5. employee with shares/share options Prota Therapeutics;

  6. inventor on a patent owned by MCRI (Murdoch Children's Research Institute);

  7. grant, received from my institution, from Prota Therapeutics;

  8. royalties from Wiley, as an author of a book Kids Food Allergies for Dummies; and

  9. payment for development of educational presentations from MD Linx ‐ I developed a GP education module: 'Microbiota and Immune Development'".

Areti Makrygeorgou: "I have received speaker honorarium by Celgene and support to travel to a conference by Novartis". Jo Leonardi‐Bee: nothing to declare. Fiona J Bath‐Hextall: nothing to declare. Dedee F Murrell: "I run a clinical trials centre for a variety of skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and give lectures on this topic. I am a Councillor (a voluntary position) representing Australia on the International Eczema Council. I have received travel expenses and payment for lectures from Sanofi. My institution has received grants for my role as investigator on atopic dermatitis clinical trials assessing crisaborole (Anacor Pharmaceuticals), dupilumab (Regeneron), tralokinumab (MedImmune), and nemolizumab (Galderma)." Amanda Roberts: nothing to declare. Nerys Roberts (clinical referee): "I am the Steering Committee chair of the Atopic Dermatitis Anti‐IgE Paediatric Trial (ADAPT)". Raja Sivamani (clinical referee): "I serve as a Scientific Advisor for Dermveda".

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Trial sequential analysis for a minimum difference of ‐2 points difference in eczema symptoms (SCORAD part C; range 0 to 20) between probiotic and no probiotics at 90% power. The blue z‐curve of the meta‐analysis shows that the optimal heterogeneity‐adjusted information size of 258 has been reached. This suggests that future trials of similar interventions are unlikely to change the findings of no significant difference between probiotic and control for detection of at least a 2‐point difference.
5
5
Trial sequential analysis for a minimum difference of ‐1.5 points difference in eczema symptoms (SCORAD part C; range 0 to 20) between probiotics and no probiotics at 90% power. The blue z‐curve of the meta‐analysis has crossed the red v‐shaped line of futility and has reached the optimal heterogeneity‐adjusted information size of 456. This suggests that future trials of similar interventions are unlikely to change the findings of no significant difference between probiotic and control for detection of at least a 1.5‐point difference.
6
6
Trial sequential analysis for a minimum difference of ‐1 point difference in eczema symptoms (SCORAD part C; range 0 to 20) between probiotics and no probiotics at 90% power. The blue z‐curve of the meta‐analysis has not crossed the red v‐shaped line of futility and has not yet reached the optimal heterogeneity‐adjusted information size of 1026. This suggests that future trials of similar interventions may change the findings of no significant difference between probiotic and control for detection of at least a 1‐point difference.
7
7
Egger's plot for Analysis 1.1: probiotic vs placebo for participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment.
8
8
Egger's plot for Analysis 1.8: probiotic vs placebo for global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment.
9
9
Egger's plot for Analysis 1.9: probiotic vs placebo for global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ change score.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 1 Participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 2 Participant‐ or parent‐rated global change in eczema symptoms at the end of treatment (binary outcome).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 3 Change in participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end treatment (continuous outcome).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 4 Participant‐ or patient‐related quality of life score at the end of treatment.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 5 Participant‐ or patient‐related quality of life score at the end of treatment.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 6 Parent‐ or participant‐rated eczema severity (SCORAD part C) within 6 months after treatment has ceased.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 7 Participant‐ or parent‐related quality of life within 6 months after treatment has ceased.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 8 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 9 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ change score.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 10 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ low risk of bias studies only.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 11 Investigator‐rated eczema severity (SCORAD parts A/B) at the end of treatment ‐ continuous outcome.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 12 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) within 6 months after treatment has ceased.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 13 Investigator‐rated eczema severity (SCORAD parts A/B) within 6 months after treatment has ceased.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 14 Adverse events (short term).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 15 Participant/parent‐rated global change in symptoms of eczema at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by age groups.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 16 Participant/parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by age groups.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 17 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by age groups.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 18 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by presence of atopy.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 19 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by challenge‐proven food allergy.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 20 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by eczema severity.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 21 Participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ Lactobacillus species.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 22 Participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ Bifidobacterium species.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 23 Participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment ‐ number of probiotics.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 24 Participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of treatment ‐ probiotics with no prebiotics.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 25 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ Lactobacillus species.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 26 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ Bifidobacterium species.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 27 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ number of probiotics.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Probiotic vs placebo, Outcome 28 Global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of treatment ‐ stratified by probiotic ‐ probiotics with no prebiotics.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

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    1. Aa LB, Aalderen WM, Heymans HS, Henk Sillevis Smitt J, Nauta AJ, Knippels LM, et al. Synbiotics prevent asthma‐like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2011;66(2):170‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00779370; PUBMED: 20560907] - PubMed
    1. Aa LB, Heymans HS, Aalderen WM, Sillevis Smitt JH, Knol J, Ben Amor K, et al. Effect of a new synbiotic mixture on atopic dermatitis in infants: a randomized‐controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2010;40(5):795‐804. [CENTRAL: CN‐00761390; PUBMED: 20184604] - PubMed
    1. Aa LB, Lutter R, Heymans HS, Smids BS, Dekker T, Aalderen WM, et al. No detectable beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects of a specific synbiotic mixture in infants with atopic dermatitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2012;42(4):531‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00839910; PUBMED: 22092915] - PubMed
Viljanen 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, Korpela R, Kuitunen M, Tiittanen M, Vaarala O, et al. Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN‐gamma production in infants with cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;114(1):131‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00480315; PUBMED: 15241356] - PubMed
    1. Viljanen M, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T, Juntunen‐Backman K, Korpela R, Savilahti E. Probiotic effects on faecal inflammatory markers and on faecal IgA in food allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome infants. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2005;16(1):65‐71. [CENTRAL: CN‐00520986; PUBMED: 15693914] - PubMed
    1. Viljanen M, Pohjavuori E, Haahtela T, Korpela R, Kuitunen M, Sarnesto A, et al. Induction of inflammation as a possible mechanism of probiotic effect in atopic eczema‐dermatitis syndrome. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2005;115(6):1254‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00515574; PUBMED: 15940143] - PubMed
    1. Viljanen M, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen‐Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Allergy 2005;60(4):494‐500. [CENTRAL: CN‐00513132; PUBMED: 15727582] - PubMed
Wang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wang IJ, Wang JY. Children with atopic dermatitis show clinical improvement after Lactobacillus exposure. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2015;45(4):779‐87. [CENTRAL: CN‐01069031; PUBMED: 25600169] - PubMed
Weston 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Breckler L, Lehmann H, Weston S, et al. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon‐gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2005;35(12):1557‐64. [PUBMED: 16393321] - PubMed
    1. Weston S, Dunstan J, Roper J, Breckler L, Halbert A, Richmond P, et al. Probiotics provide clinical benefit in moderate and severe atopic dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005;125:596.
    1. Weston S, Halbert A, Richmond P, Prescott SL. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2005;90(9):892‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00521688; PUBMED: 15863468] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weston S, Richmond P, Halbert A, Prescott SL. Effects of probiotics in infants with atopic dermatitis: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2004;45:A13. [CENTRAL: CN‐00594250]
Woo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Woo SI, Kim JY, Lee YJ, Kim NS, Hahn YS. Effect of Lactobacillus sakei supplementation in children with atopic eczema‐dermatitis syndrome. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2010;104(4):343‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00742516; PUBMED: 20408346] - PubMed
Wu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wu KG, Li TH, Peng HJ. Lactobacillus salivarius plus fructo‐oligosaccharide is superior to fructo‐oligosaccharide alone for treating children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a double‐blind, randomized, clinical trial of efficacy and safety. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;166(1):129‐36. [CENTRAL: CN‐00841293; PUBMED: 21895621] - PubMed
Wu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y‐J, Wu W‐F, Hung C‐W, Ku M‐S, Liao P‐F, Sun H‐L, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in children aged 4‐48 months with atopic dermatitis: an 8‐week, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2017;50(5):684‐92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.10.003; PUBMED: 26733351] - DOI - PubMed
Yang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yang H‐J, Min TK, Lee HW, Pyun BY. Efficacy of probiotic therapy on atopic dermatitis in children: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2014;6(3):208‐15. [CENTRAL: CN‐00988082; EMBASE: 2014300281] - PMC - PubMed
Yesilova 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yesilova Y, Calka O, Akdeniz N, Berktas M. Effect of probiotics on the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis. Annals of Dermatology 2012;24(2):189‐93. [CENTRAL: CN‐00861289; PUBMED: 22577270] - PMC - PubMed
Yoshida 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yoshida Y, Seki T, Matsunaka H, Watanabe T, Shindo M, Yamada N, et al. Clinical effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium breve supplementation in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Yonago Acta Medica 2010;53(2):37‐45. [CENTRAL: CN‐00865095]

References to studies excluded from this review

Arkwright 2003 {published data only}
    1. Arkwright PD, David TJ. Effect of Mycobacterium vaccae on atopic dermatitis in children of different ages. British Journal of Dermatology 2003;149(5):1029‐34. [CENTRAL: CN‐00472817; PUBMED: 14632810] - PubMed
Arvola 2006 {published data only}
    1. Arvola T, Ruuska T, Keranen J, Hyoty H, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination. Pediatrics 2006;117(4):e760‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00556020; PUBMED: 16585287] - PubMed
Aryayev 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Aryayev ML, Kukushkin NV. Combined therapy with pimecrolimus cream 1% and probiotic in children with atopic dermatitis. European Journal of Pediatrics 2006;165(Suppl 1):53. [CENTRAL: CN‐00764255]
Burk 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Burks AW, Harthoorn LF, Langford JE, Ampting MT, Goldberg SB, Ong PY, et al. Functional effects of an amino‐acid based formula with synbiotics in cow's milk allergic infants. Allergy 2013;68(Suppl 97):703. [CENTRAL: CN‐00985742; EMBASE: 71369861]
Chernysov 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chernyshov PV. Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial on clinical and immunologic effects of probiotic and emollient in children with atopic eczema and cow milk allergy. Allergo Journal 2010;19(5):336‐7. [EMBASE: 70284293]
    1. Chernysov PV. Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial on clinical and immunologic effects of probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and L. helveticus R0052 in infants with atopic dermatitis. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009;21(3‐4):228‐32. [EMBASE: 2010028537]
Foekel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Foekel C, Schubert R, Kaatz M, Schmidt I, Bauer A, Hipler UC, et al. Dietetic effects of oral intervention with mare's milk on the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis, on faecal microbiota and on immunological parameters in patients with atopic dermatitis. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2009;60(Suppl 7):41‐52. [CENTRAL: CN‐00751360; PUBMED: 19462320] - PubMed
Gueniche 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gueniche A, Breton L. Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate, a probiotic profile for topical skin care. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2009;129:S15. [EMBASE: 70384507]
    1. Gueniche A, Knaudt B, Schuck E, Volz T, Bastien P, Martin R, et al. Effects of nonpathogenic gram‐negative bacterium Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;159(6):1357‐63. [CENTRAL: CN‐00665626; PUBMED: 18795916] - PubMed
    1. Gueniche AG, Breton L. Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate, a probiotic profile for topical skin care. European Journal of Immunology 2009;39:S658. [EMBASE: 70347441]
Ikezawa 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ikezawa Z, Kondo M, Okajima M, Nishimura Y, Kono M. Clinical usefulness of oral itraconazole, an antimycotic drug, for refractory atopic dermatitis. European Journal of Dermatology 2004;14(6):400‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00504055; PUBMED: 15564204] - PubMed
Kalliomaki 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4‐year follow‐up of a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9372):1869‐71. [CENTRAL: CN‐00558789; PUBMED: 12788576] - PubMed
Laitinen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Laitinen K, Kalliomaki M, Poussa T, Lagstrom H, Isolauri E. Evaluation of diet and growth in children with and without atopic eczema: follow‐up study from birth to 4 years. British Journal of Nutrition 2005;94(4):565‐74. [CENTRAL: CN‐00838395] - PubMed
Leung 2004 {published data only}
    1. Leung TF, Ma KC, Cheung LT, Lam CW, Wong E, Wan H, et al. A randomized, single‐blind and crossover study of an amino acid‐based milk formula in treating young children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2004;15(6):558‐61. [CENTRAL: CN‐00511281; PUBMED: 15610371] - PubMed
Matsumoto 2007 {published data only}
    1. Matsumoto M, Aranami A, Ishige A, Watanabe K, Benno Y. LKM512 yogurt consumption improves the intestinal environment and induces the T‐helper type 1 cytokine in adult patients with intractable atopic dermatitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2007;37(3):358‐70. [CENTRAL: CN‐00641021; EMBASE: 2007128104] - PubMed
Moroi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Moroi M, Uchi S, Nakamura K, Sato S, Shimizu N, Fujii M, et al. Beneficial effect of a diet containing heat‐killed Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on adult type atopic dermatitis. Journal of Dermatology 2011;38(2):131‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00778680; PUBMED: 21269308] - PubMed
Murosaki 2006 {published data only}
    1. Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Yotsumoto H, Kubo H, Nomoto S, Usuki K, et al. Effects of intake of syrup supplemented with nigerooligosaccharides and heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 on skin symptom and immune function in patients with atopic dermatitis. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006;34(10):1087‐96. [CENTRAL: CN‐00707197]
Ogawa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ogawa T, Hashikawa S, Asai Y, Sakamoto H, Yasuda K, Makimura Y. A new synbiotic, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei together with dextran, reduces murine and human allergic reaction. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 2006;46(3):400‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00563540; PUBMED: 16553814] - PubMed
Ou 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Keet CA, Wood RA. Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Pediatrics 2008;122(Suppl 4):S198‐9. [EMBASE: 2009166612]
    1. Ou C‐Y, Kuo H‐C, Wang L, Hsu T‐Y, Chuang H, Liu C‐A, et al. Prenatal and postnatal probiotics reduces maternal but not childhood allergic diseases: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2012;42(9):1386‐96. [CENTRAL: CN‐00850372; EMBASE: 2012510284; PUBMED: 22925325] - PubMed
Rose 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rose MA, Schubert R, Schulze J, Zielen S. Follow‐up of probiotic Lactobacillus GG effects on allergic sensitization and asthma in infants at risk. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2011;41(12):1819‐21. [CENTRAL: CN‐00834541] - PubMed
    1. Rose MA, Stieglitz F, Köksal A, Schubert R, Schulze J, Zielen S. Efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus GG on allergic sensitization and asthma in infants at risk. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2010;40(9):1398‐405. [CENTRAL: CN‐00767900; PUBMED: 20604800] - PubMed
Shibata 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shibata R, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Mikami K, Aiba Y, Takeda H, et al. Clinical effects of kestose, a prebiotic oligosaccharide, on the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2009;39(9):1397‐403. [CENTRAL: CN‐00719173; PUBMED: 19508323] - PubMed
    1. Shibata R, Koga Y, Takeda H, Nishima S. Clinical effects of prebiotics with kestose, a fructo‐oligosaccharide, on atopic dermatitis in infants. Allergy 2009;64:447. [CENTRAL: CN‐01029517] - PubMed
Torii 2011 {published data only}
    1. Torii S, Torii A, Itoh K, Urisu A, Terada A, Fujisawa T, et al. Effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus L‐92 on the symptoms and serum markers of atopic dermatitis in children. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2011;154(3):236‐45. [CENTRAL: CN‐00779204; PUBMED: 20861645] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12605000615684 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000615684. Probiotics in the management of eczema [A double‐blind, randomised, placebo controlled study to identify markers for the differential response of children with eczema following treatment with probiotics]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=782 (first received 23 September 2005).
Candy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Candy DCA, Ampting MTJ, Oude Nijhuis MM, Wopereis H, Butt AM, Peroni DG, et al. Dietary management of non‐IgE mediated cow's milk allergic infants with a synbiotics‐supplemented amino acid‐based formula: effects on faecal microbiota and clinical symptoms. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2016:S402.
Hulshof 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hulshof L, Overbeek SA, Wyllie Al, Chu Mj, Bogaert D, Jager W, et al. Dietary intervention with a synbiotic mixture of scGOS/lcFOS with Bifidobacterium breve M‐16V in infants with atopic dermatitis shows beneficial immunological changes in chemokine profiles. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017;72:309‐10. [CENTRAL: CN‐01417584]
NCT02585986 {published data only}
    1. NCT02585986. Intervention study to evaluate a probiotic in mild atopic dermatitis young patients [Randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled Intervention study to evaluate safety and efficiency of a probiotic in symptoms reduction and use of topic corticoids in mild atopic dermatitis patients aged 4 to 17 years]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02585986 (first received 13 October 2015).
Prakoeswa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Prakoeswa CRS, Herwanto N, Prameswari R, Astari L, Sawitri S, Hidayati AN, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum IS‐10506 supplementation reduced SCORAD in children with atopic dermatitis. Beneficial Microbes 2017;8(5):833‐40. [CENTRAL: CN‐01420752] - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR1800015330 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800015330. Effects of probiotics on inflammation and intestinal microflora in patients with atopic dermatitis. www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=24603 (first received 23 March 2018).
CTRI/2017/08/009236 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/08/009236. A study to observe if probiotics supplementation is helpful in atopic dermatitis children. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/08/009236 (first received 2 August 2018).
CTRI/2017/10/010018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/10/010018. Probiotics in treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/10/010018 (first received 6 October 2017).
KCT0000914 {published data only}
    1. KCT0000914. A 8 week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial for the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of IRT5 probiotics on atopic dermatitis in children [IRT5 probiotics atopic dermatitis]. cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=3350 (accessed before 7 December 2016).
NCT02519556 {published data only}
    1. NCT02519556. Trial on effectiveness combined probiotics in atopic dermatitis in children [Randomized, double blind, controlled trial on effectiveness combined probiotics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children up to 6 months]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02519556 (first received 4 August 2015).
NCT02945683 {published data only}
    1. NCT02945683. Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri plus vitamin D3 in children with atopic dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02945683 (first received 26 October 2016).

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