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. 2019 Jan;48(1):111-118.
doi: 10.1007/s00249-018-1338-7. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

The correlation of crystalline and elemental composition of urinary stones with a history of bacterial infections: TXRF, XRPD and PCR-DGGE studies

Michał Arabski  1 , Ilona Stabrawa  2   3 , Aldona Kubala-Kukuś  2   3 , Katarzyna Gałczyńska  4 , Dariusz Banaś  2   3 , Łukasz Piskorz  5 , Ewa Forma  6 , Magdalena Bryś  6 , Waldemar Różański  7 , Marek Lipiński  7
Affiliations

The correlation of crystalline and elemental composition of urinary stones with a history of bacterial infections: TXRF, XRPD and PCR-DGGE studies

Michał Arabski et al. Eur Biophys J. 2019 Jan.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between past bacterial infections and the type and chemical composition of urinary stones experienced by human patients. Bacteria have been recognized to contribute to urinary stones; however, the role of uropathogens in the development of specific stones has not been extensively investigated. The detection of past bacterial infection (eleven different bacterial species) in urinary stones from 83 patients was made on a DNA level using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and correlated with the chemical composition of urinary stones measured using X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD) technique and their elemental composition by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). In this study, two scenarios of urinary stones formation mediated by Proteus sp. or Escherichia coli are presented. The first one is associated with Proteus spp. which dominated in 84% of infectious urinary stones and is strongly correlated with struvite and calcium phosphate, in whose matrix additionally strontium, phosphorus, potassium, nickel and zinc are detected. The formation of these stones is closely correlated with urease activity. The second scenario for urinary stone mineralization is associated with E. coli identified in weddellite stones, in which matrix iron was detected. In conclusion, the statistical correlations of bacterial infections with crystalline and elemental composition showed that in mixed bacterial infections, one scenario dominated and excluded the second one.

Keywords: Escherichia coli; PCR-DGGE; Proteus spp.; TXRF; Urinary stones; XPRD.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The number of identified bacterial species in 83 urinary stones using DGGE-PCR method. The number of identified bacterial species in alone and mixed infections in different types of stones (dashed line) are denoted
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The upper panel: an example of the total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrum of a human kidney stone sample excited by the primary X-rays generated in a Mo-anode X-ray tube operated with voltage U = 50 kV and current I = 600 µA. The measurement time was 30 min. The lower panel: a X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) diffractogram of a human kidney stone sample. The primary X-rays were generated in a Cu-anode X-ray tube operated with voltage U = 45 kV and current I = 40 mA
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The number of urinary stones in which crystalline composition was determined using XRPD method. The number of urinary stones in which single or complex crystalline structures were detected (dashed line) are denoted
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