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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Nov 23;11(11):CD009783.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009783.pub2.

Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults

Suzanne Forsyth Herling  1 , Ingrid E Greve, Eduard E Vasilevskis, Ingrid Egerod, Camilla Bekker Mortensen, Ann Merete Møller, Helle Svenningsen, Thordis Thomsen
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults

Suzanne Forsyth Herling et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Delirium is defined as a disturbance in attention, awareness and cognition with reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain and shift attention, and reduced orientation to the environment. Critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) frequently develop ICU delirium. It can profoundly affect both them and their families because it is associated with increased mortality, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, longer hospital and ICU stay and long-term cognitive impairment. It also results in increased costs for society.

Objectives: To assess existing evidence for the effect of preventive interventions on ICU delirium, in-hospital mortality, the number of delirium- and coma-free days, ventilator-free days, length of stay in the ICU and cognitive impairment.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, International Web of Science, Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, CINAHL from 1980 to 11 April 2018 without any language limits. We adapted the MEDLINE search for searching the other databases. Furthermore, we checked references, searched citations and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. We also checked the following trial registries: Current Controlled Trials; ClinicalTrials.gov; and CenterWatch.com (all on 24 April 2018).

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult medical or surgical ICU patients receiving any intervention for preventing ICU delirium. The control could be standard ICU care, placebo or both. We assessed the quality of evidence with GRADE.

Data collection and analysis: We checked titles and abstracts to exclude obviously irrelevant studies and obtained full reports on potentially relevant ones. Two review authors independently extracted data. If possible we conducted meta-analyses, otherwise we synthesized data narratively.

Main results: The electronic search yielded 8746 records. We included 12 RCTs (3885 participants) comparing usual care with the following interventions: commonly used drugs (four studies); sedation regimens (four studies); physical therapy or cognitive therapy, or both (one study); environmental interventions (two studies); and preventive nursing care (one study). We found 15 ongoing studies and five studies awaiting classification. The participants were 48 to 70 years old; 48% to 74% were male; the mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score was 14 to 28 (range 0 to 71; higher scores correspond to more severe disease and a higher risk of death). With the exception of one study, all participants were mechanically ventilated in medical or surgical ICUs or mixed. The studies were overall at low risk of bias. Six studies were at high risk of detection bias due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors. We report results for the two most commonly explored approaches to delirium prevention: pharmacologic and a non-pharmacologic intervention.Haloperidol versus placebo (two RCTs, 1580 participants)The event rate of ICU delirium was measured in one study including 1439 participants. No difference was identified between groups, (risk ratio (RR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 1.17) (moderate-quality evidence). Haloperidol versus placebo neither reduced or increased in-hospital mortality, (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22; 2 studies; 1580 participants (moderate-quality evidence)); the number of delirium- and coma-free days, (mean difference (MD) -0.60, 95% CI -1.37 to 0.17; 2 studies, 1580 participants (moderate-quality of evidence)); number of ventilator-free days (mean 23.8 (MD -0.30, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.33) 1 study; 1439 participants, (high-quality evidence)); length of ICU stay, (MD 0.18, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.97); 2 studies, 1580 participants; high-quality evidence). None of the studies measured cognitive impairment. In one study there were three serious adverse events in the intervention group and five in the placebo group; in the other there were five serious adverse events and three patients died, one in each group. None of the serious adverse events were judged to be related to interventions received (moderate-quality evidence).Physical and cognitive therapy interventions (one study, 65 participants)The study did not measure the event rate of ICU delirium. A physical and cognitive therapy intervention versus standard care neither reduced nor increased in-hospital mortality, (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.20, I² = 0; 1 study, 65 participants; very low-quality evidence); the number of delirium- and coma-free days, (MD -2.8, 95% CI -10.1 to 4.6, I² = 0; 1 study, 65 participants; very low-quality evidence); the number of ventilator-free days (within the first 28/30 days) was median 27.4 (IQR 0 to 29.2) and 25 (IQR 0 to 28.9); 1 study, 65 participants; very low-quality evidence, length of ICU stay, (MD 1.23, 95% CI -0.68 to 3.14, I² = 0; 1 study, 65 participants; very low-quality evidence); cognitive impairment measured by the MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination with higher scores indicating better function, (MD 0.97, 95% CI -0.19 to 2.13, I² = 0; 1 study, 30 participants; very low-quality evidence); or measured by the Dysexecutive questionnaire (DEX) with lower scores indicating better function (MD -8.76, 95% CI -19.06 to 1.54, I² = 0; 1 study, 30 participants; very low-quality evidence). One patient experienced acute back pain accompanied by hypotensive urgency during physical therapy.

Authors' conclusions: There is probably little or no difference between haloperidol and placebo for preventing ICU delirium but further studies are needed to increase our confidence in the findings. There is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of physical and cognitive intervention on delirium. The effects of other pharmacological interventions, sedation, environmental, and preventive nursing interventions are unclear and warrant further investigation in large multicentre studies. Five studies are awaiting classification and we identified 15 ongoing studies, evaluating pharmacological interventions, sedation regimens, physical and occupational therapy combined or separately, and environmental interventions, that may alter the conclusions of the review in future.

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Conflict of interest statement

Suzanne Forsyth Herling: none known

Ingrid E Greve: none known

Eduard E Vasilevskis was supported by Award Number K23AG040157 from the National Institute On Aging. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute On Aging or the National Institutes of Health see Sources of support. Dr Vasilevskis has also received support for an educational presentation in a topical area relevant to the review. (ICU Mortality Reduction Collaborative. CareFusion Center for Safety and Excellence. ABCDEs of delirium prevention. October 2011.) The content does not reflect the views of the funding body of this educational presentation.

Ingrid Egerod: none known.

Camilla Bekker Mortensen: none known.

Ann Merete Møller: none known.

Helle Svenningsen's PhD study (2009 to 2012) on delirium was supported by several foundations: the Novo Nordics Foundation; Foundation for Psychiatry's encouraging, Risskov; Foundation for Psychiatry's encouraging, Risskov; Region Midts Health Research Foundation;Fundation of Research in Mental Disorders, Aarhus University; Danish Society for Nursing Research; Lippmann Foundation; Færgemans scholarship; Foundation of Psychiatry promotion. None of the foundations had any influence on this review.

Thordis Thomsen: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Haloperidol versus placebo, outcome: 1.2 In‐hospital mortality.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 8 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, outcome: 8.1 The event rate of ICU delirium .
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 8 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, outcome: 8.2 In‐hospital mortality.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 9 Enviromental intervention vs. Standard care, outcome: 9.1 The event rate of ICU delirium.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Haloperidol versus placebo, Outcome 1 The event rate of delirium.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Haloperidol versus placebo, Outcome 2 In‐hospital mortality.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Haloperidol versus placebo, Outcome 3 Coma‐and delirium‐free days ( 28 days).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Haloperidol versus placebo, Outcome 4 Length of ICU stay.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, Outcome 1 The event rate of ICU delirium.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, Outcome 2 In‐hospital mortality.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, Outcome 3 Length of stay in the ICU.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sedation with daily interruption vs Sedation, Outcome 4 Adverse events.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Enviromental intervention vs. Standard care, Outcome 1 The event rate of ICU delirium.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009783

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