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. 2018 Nov 26;10(12):498.
doi: 10.3390/toxins10120498.

Involvement of Carnosic Acid in the Phytotoxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves

Kwame Sarpong Appiah  1 , Hossein Korrani Mardani  2 , Richard Ansong Omari  3 , Vincent Yao Eziah  4 , John Ofosu-Anim  5 , Siaw Onwona-Agyeman  6 , Christiana Adukwei Amoatey  7 , Kiyokazu Kawada  8 , Keisuke Katsura  9   10 , Yosei Oikawa  11 , Yoshiharu Fujii  12   13
Affiliations

Involvement of Carnosic Acid in the Phytotoxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves

Kwame Sarpong Appiah et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Weeds are rapidly developing resistance to synthetic herbicides, and this can pose a threat to the ecosystem. Exploring allelopathic species as an alternative weed control measure can help minimize the ecological threat posed by herbicide-resistant weeds. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of some polyphenols to the allelopathy of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The phytotoxic effects of rosemary (leaves, roots, inflorescences, and stems) crude extracts were tested on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Soils incorporated with dried rosemary leaves were also tested on test plants. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the content of some polyphenols (caffeic, ferulic, gallic, rosmarinic, carnosic, and chlorogenic acids) in rosemary. The specific activity and total activity of crude extracts and individual compounds were evaluated using lettuce. The crude extract of rosemary leaves showed the highest growth inhibitory effect among the rosemary organs tested. Soil amended with rosemary leaf debris reduced the dry matter and seed emergence of lettuce. Carnosic acid was the main compound detected in rosemary leaves and had a high specific activity when tested on lettuce. During the seed germination period, there was observed filter paper coloration among the test plants treated with carnosic acid (250 μg/mL). The high concentration and strong inhibitory effect of carnosic acid could explain the inhibitory activity of the rosemary leaf extract. Hence, we conclude based on the total activity estimation that carnosic acid among the other tested compounds is the major allelochemical in rosemary leaves.

Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis; allelopathy; carnosic acid; inhibitory; phytotoxicity; specific activity; total activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of ethanol crude extract from the leaves, inflorescences, stems, and roots of rosemary plants on the radicle (a) and hypocotyl (b) growth of lettuce seedlings. The data are the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The effects of pure compounds on the radicle growth of lettuce seedlings. The data are the mean ± standard deviation of three replications.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Inhibition activity of the radicle (a) and hypocotyl (b) growth of lettuce seedlings caused by the ethanol extract of rosemary leaves and by pure chemicals estimated to be present in the ethanol extract. The data are mean ± standard deviation; n = 3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of filter paper coloration in different plants after a 3-day incubation with carnosic acid (250 µg/mL) solution. (a) Pak choi, (b) Kentucky bluegrass, (c) Perennial Ryegrass, (d) Alfalfa, (e) White clover, and (f) Arugula. Left side: Control, Right side: Carnosic acid.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of seed number variation and carnosic acid concentration on radicle growth of (a) Pak choi, (b) Lettuce, (c) Timothy, and (d) White clover.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of soil incorporated leaf debris of Rosmarinus officinalis on the growth of Lactuca sativa (a), Lolium multiflorum (b), Trifolium repens (c), and Phleum pratense (d).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Bioactive compounds used in this study.
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