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. 2018 Nov 15:12:98.
doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00098. eCollection 2018.

Three-Dimensional Probabilistic Maps of Mesial Temporal Lobe Structures in Children and Adolescents' Brains

Antoine Bouyeure  1 , David Germanaud  1   2 , Dhaif Bekha  1 , Victor Delattre  1 , Julien Lefèvre  3 , Charlotte Pinabiaux  4 , Jean-Francois Mangin  5 , Denis Rivière  5 , Clara Fischer  5 , Catherine Chiron  1 , Lucie Hertz-Pannier  1 , Marion Noulhiane  1
Affiliations

Three-Dimensional Probabilistic Maps of Mesial Temporal Lobe Structures in Children and Adolescents' Brains

Antoine Bouyeure et al. Front Neuroanat. .

Abstract

The hippocampus and the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, temporopolar, and parahippocampal cortices are interconnected in a hierarchical MTL system crucial for memory processes. A probabilistic description of the anatomical location and spatial variability of MTL cortices in the child and adolescent brain would help to assess structure-function relationships. The rhinal sulcus (RS) and the collateral sulcus (CS) that border MTL cortices and influence their morphology have never been described in these populations. In this study, we identified the aforementioned structures on magnetic resonance images of 38 healthy subjects aged 7-17 years old. Relative to sulcal morphometry in the MTL, we showed RS-CS conformation is an additional factor of variability in the MTL that is not explained by other variables such as age, sex and brain volume; with an innovative method using permutation testing of the extrema of structures of interest, we showed that RS-SC conformation was not associated with differences of location of MTL sulci. Relative to probabilistic maps, we offered for the first time a systematic mapping of MTL structures in children and adolescent, mapping all the structures of the MTL system while taking sulcal morphology into account. Our results, with the probabilistic maps described here being freely available for download, will help to understand the anatomy of this region and help functional and clinical studies to accurately test structure-function hypotheses in the MTL during development. Free access to MTL pediatric atlas: http://neurovault.org/collections/2381/.

Keywords: development; hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; parahippocampal gyrus; probabilistic maps.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Relations between CS proper (in yellow) and RS (in blue) for both sulcal Types shown with mean sulcal maps. (A) Left: Mean Type 1 RS and CS proper are connected (shown by green arrow). Right: Mean Type 2 RS and CS proper are separated (shown by red arrow). Mean RS and CS proper (at the population level) for Types 1 and 2 are surimposed on the MNI152 template of MRIcro. (B) Location of MTL structures. MNI coordinates are provided for the y-axis. The same color code is used: green indicates connection between RS and CS proper, while red indicates separation. Abbreviations: A, amygdala; H, hippocampus; ERC, entorhinal cortex; PRC, perirhinal cortex; PHC, parahippocampal cortex.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Medial temporal lobe structures in sagittal, coronal, and axial views. The structures presented here are computed over the whole population and converted to surfaces with BrainVisa’s AimsMesh function. A threshold of 5% (the same used volumes visualization) was applied on the surfaces to keep voxels present in at least 95% of subjects. Abbreviations: TPC, temporopolar cortex; ERC, entorhinal cortex; PRC, perirhinal cortex; PHC, parahippocampal cortex; HH, hippocampus head; HB, hippocampus body; HT, hippocampus tail.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Permutation test procedure. (A) Two blobs are defined at the group level by merging the sulci of Type 1 and Type 2 subjects for a given sulcus (here illustrated with the collateral sulcus proper for both hemispheres). Here, the group-level Type 1 collateral sulcus proper is in red, and the group level Type 2 collateral sulcus in green. A bounding box illustrates the coordinates of these group sulci. (B) The extrema coordinates on the x, y, and z axis between the observed group sulci (shown in A) and 1000 group sulci generated randomly are compared.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Probabilistic map of the rhinal sulcus (RS). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice. Color bars indicate the probability of presence of the structure, ranging from 0 (voxel absent in subjects) to 1 (voxel present in subjects). A 0.05 threshold was used for visualization purposes in order to get rid of potential outlier voxels and to limit the extension of the maps caused by the 3 mm Gaussian kernel smoothing.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Probabilistic map of the collateral sulcus proper (CS proper). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Probabilistic map of the collateral sulcus post (CS post). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Probabilistic map of the temporopolar cortex (TPC). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Probabilistic map of the entorhinal cortex (ERC). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Probabilistic map of the perirhinal cortex (PRC). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Probabilistic map of the parahippocampal cortex (PHC). The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Probabilistic maps of the hippocampal subparts. The maps are normalized into the MNI stereotaxic space. Coordinates are indicated on each slice.
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