Semi-Rigid Nitroxide Spin Label for Long-Range EPR Distance Measurements of Lipid Bilayer Embedded β-Peptides

Abstract

β-Peptides are an interesting new class of transmembrane model peptides based on their conformationally stable and well-defined secondary structures. Herein, we present the synthesis of the paramagnetic β-amino acid β³ -hTOPP (4-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2,6-dioxo-4-oxylpiperazin-1-yl)-d-β³ -homophenylglycine) that enables investigations of β-peptides by EPR spectroscopy. This amino acid adds to the, to date, sparse number of β-peptide spin labels. Its performance was evaluated by investigating the helical turn of a 3₁₄ -helical transmembrane model β-peptide. Nanometer distances between two incorporated β³ -hTOPP labels in different environments were measured by using pulsed electron/electron double resonance (PELDOR/DEER) spectroscopy. Due to the semi-rigid conformational design, the label delivers reliable distances and sharp (one-peak) distance distributions even in the lipid bilayer. The results indicate that the investigated β-peptide folds into a 3.25₁₄ helix and maintains this conformation in the lipid bilayer.

Keywords: EPR spectroscopy; PELDOR; membrane proteins; nitroxide radicals; peptides; spin labels.