Inside Plectosphaerellaceae

Abstract

The family Plectosphaerellaceae (Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes) includes numerous plant pathogenic genera and soil-borne fungal species. Ten genera are currently accepted, including several taxa that occupy an unresolved position within the family. To address this issue, a multilocus sequence analysis was carried out using partial gene sequences from the 28S large subunit nrRNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nrDNA region, including the 5.8S nrRNA gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), tryptophan synthase (TS), actin (ACT) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), based on a large set of isolates mainly from the CBS collection. Results of the molecular data combined with a detailed morphological study resolved 22 genera in the family, of which 12 are newly described. Additionally, 15 new species and 10 new combinations are proposed. An epitype and neotype are also introduced for Stachylidium bicolor and Plectosphaerella cucumerina, respectively.

Keywords: Acremonium; B. nepalense (W. Gams) Giraldo López & Crous; B. terrestre Giraldo López & Crous; Brunneochlamydosporium Giraldo López & Crous; Brunneochlamydosporium cibotii (J.F.H. Beyma) Giraldo López & Crous; Brunneochlamydosporium macroclavatum Giraldo López & Crous; Chlamydosporiella Giraldo López & Crous; Chlamydosporiella restricta (J.F.H. Beyma) Giraldo López & Crous; Furcasterigmium Giraldo López & Crous; Furcasterigmium furcatum (W. Gams) Giraldo López & Crous; Fuscohypha Giraldo López & Crous; Fuscohypha expansa Giraldo López & Crous; G. catenata Giraldo López & Crous; G. serrae (Maffei) Giraldo López & Crous; Gibellulopsis aquatica Giraldo López & Crous; Gibellulopsis fusca (Thirum. & Sukapure) Giraldo López & Crous; L. phaseoli Giraldo López & Crous; Lectera humicola Giraldo López & Crous; M. elettariae Giraldo López & Crous; Musicillium tropicale Giraldo López & Crous; Musidium Giraldo López & Crous; Musidium stromaticum (W. Gams & R.H. Stover) Giraldo López & Crous; New taxa; Nigrocephalum Giraldo López & Crous; Nigrocephalum collariferum (Weisenb. & R. Kirschner) Giraldo López & Crous; Paragibellulopsis Giraldo López & Crous; Paragibellulopsis chrysanthemi (Hirooka et al.) Giraldo López & Crous; Paramusicillium Giraldo López & Crous; Paramusicillium asperulatum Giraldo López & Crous; Phialoparvum Giraldo López & Crous; Phialoparvum bifurcatum Giraldo López & Crous; Phylogeny; Plant pathogens; Plectosphaerella; Plectosphaerella humicola Giraldo López & Crous; Sayamraella Giraldo López & Crous; Sayamraella subulata Giraldo López & Crous; Sodiomyces alcalophilus (Okada) Giraldo López & Crous; Sodiomyces alkalinus Grum-Grzhim., Debets & Bilanenko; Soil fungi; Stachylidium bicolor Link; Summerbellia Giraldo López & Crous; Summerbellia oligotrophica Giraldo López & Crous; Taxonomy; Theobromium Giraldo López & Crous; Theobromium fuscum Giraldo López & Crous; Venturia cucumerina Lindf.

Fig. 1

Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed with partial sequences from the LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 regions from genera of Plectosphaerellaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype, ^IT Ex-isotype, ^NT Ex-neotype.

Fig. 1

Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed with partial sequences from the LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 regions from genera of Plectosphaerellaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype, ^IT Ex-isotype, ^NT Ex-neotype.

Fig. 1

Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed with partial sequences from the LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 regions from genera of Plectosphaerellaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype, ^IT Ex-isotype, ^NT Ex-neotype.

Fig. 1

Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed with partial sequences from the LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 regions from genera of Plectosphaerellaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype, ^IT Ex-isotype, ^NT Ex-neotype.

Fig. 1

Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed with partial sequences from the LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 regions from genera of Plectosphaerellaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype, ^IT Ex-isotype, ^NT Ex-neotype.

Fig. 2

Maximum composite likelihood tree based on partial sequences from ITS, ACT, TEF1-α and TS regions from Verticillium species. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype.

Fig. 2

Maximum composite likelihood tree based on partial sequences from ITS, ACT, TEF1-α and TS regions from Verticillium species. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. ^T Ex-type, ^ET Ex-epitype.

Fig. 3

Gibellulopsis aquatica (ex-type CBS 117131). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–F. Conidiophores. G, H. Chlamydospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 20 μm; D–H = 10 μm; I = 5 μm.

Fig. 4

Gibellulopsis catenata (ex-type CBS 113951). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E, F. Chlamydospores. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 5

Gibellulopsis fusca (ex-type CBS 560.65). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E–G. Chlamydospores. H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 6

Gibellulopsis nigrescens (ex-neotype CBS 120949). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Chlamydospores. F. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 20 μm; C–F = 10 μm.

Fig. 7

Gibellulopsis serrae. B, D, G. CBS 892.70. A, C, E, F. CBS 101221. H. CBS 565.78C. A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E, F. Chlamydospores. G, H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 8

Furcasterigmium furcatum (ex-type CBS 122.42). A. Colony on MEA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–F. Conidiophores. G, H. Slimy heads. I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 9

Summerbellia oligotrophica (ex-type CBS 657.94). A. Colony on MEA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Chlamydospores. F, G. Conidia. Scale bars: B–D, F, G = 10 μm; E = 5 μm.

Fig. 10

Musidium stromaticum (ex-type CBS 863.73). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Poorly branched conidiophores with percurrent proliferations. E, F. Stromatic hyphae. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 11

Sayamraella subulata (ex-type BCC 78964). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Simple conidiophores. E, F. Polyphialides. G. Phialide with minute collarette. H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 12

Theobromium fuscum (ex-type CBS 112271). A. Colony on MEA after 14 d at 25 °C. B. Simple conidiophore. C. Conidiophores with percurrent proliferation. D. Polyphialides. E, F. Hyphae. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 13

Plectosphaerella cucumerina. A–E. Sexual morph (ex-neotype CBS 131739). F–K. Asexual morph (CBS 137.37). A–C. Sporulating ascomata on OA. D, E. Details of the ostiolar region and peridium, respectively. F–H. Monophialides (note the microcyclic conidiation on F). I. Polyphialide. J, K. Septate and aseptate conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 14

Plectosphaerella humicola (ex-type CBS 423.66). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Monophialides. E–H. Adelophialides. I, J. Polyphialides. K, L. Septate and aseptate conidia, respectively. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 15

Plectosphaerella plurivora sexual morph (CBS 101607). A, B. Sporulating ascomata on OA. C. Ascoma releasing the asci. D. Details of the ostiolar region and peridium. E, F. Asci. G. Ascus stained with Melzer’s reagent. H, I. Ascospores. Scale bars: C, D = 20 μm; E–I = 10 μm.

Fig. 16

Brunneochlamydosporium cibotii (ex-isotype CBS 109240). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–C. Conidiophores. D. Adelophialide. E. Hyphae. F. Chlamydospores. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 17

Brunneochlamydosporium macroclavatum (ex-type CBS 101249). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–C. Conidiophores. D. Polyphialide. E. Adelophialide (arrow). F. Ropes of hyphae. G–H. Chlamydospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C, F–I = 10 μm. E, F = 5 μm.

Fig. 18

Brunneochlamydosporium nepalense (ex-isotype CBS 971.72). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. C. Adelophialide. E. Hyphae. F–G. Chlamydospores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: C (applies to B), F–H = 10 μm; D, E = 5 μm

Fig. 19

Brunneochlamydosporium terrestre (ex-type CBS 112777). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E–G. Chlamydospores. H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 20

Fuscohypha expansa (ex-type CBS 419.89). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Hyphae. F. Slimy heads. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 20 μm; C–G = 10 μm.

Fig. 21

Phialoparvum bifurcatum (ex-type CBS 299.70B). A. Colony on MEA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Melanin precipitations on OA. H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 22

Musicillium elettariae (ex-type CBS 252.80). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Base of the conidiophore and torulose hyphae developing. H. Torulose hyphae aggregating into microsclerotium-like structures. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 50 μm; D–I = 10 μm.

Fig. 23

Musicillium theobromae (ex-neotype CBS 968.72). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 24

Musicillium tropicale (ex-type CBS 120009). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B, C. Conidiophores. D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Solitary phialide. F. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 20 μm; C–F = 10 μm.

Fig. 25

Paramusicillium asperulatum (ex-type CBS 120158). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Solitary phialide. F. Slimy heads. G, H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 20 μm; C–H = 10 μm.

Fig. 26

Chlamydosporiella restricta. A, F–H. CBS 443.66. B–E, I. CBS 178.40 (culture ex-type). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–E. Conidiophores. F, G. Chlamydospores in chains and forming clumps. H, I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 27

Nigrocephalum collariferum (ex-type CBS 124586). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B, C. Conidiophores. D, E. Phialides with conspicuous collarettes. F. Phialides with percurrent proliferations. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 28

Stachylidium bicolor. A–G. B700016303 (lectotype). H–N. CBS 121802 (ex-epitype culture). A. Envelope of the herbarium material B700016303. B. Detail of the lectotype. C. Conidiophore. D, E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Conidia. H, I. Colonies on MEA and OA after 14 d at 25 °C, respectively. J–L. Conidiophores. M. Details of the collarette from the conidiogenous cells. N. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 29

Stachylidium aff. pallidum (CBS 449.88). A, B. Colonies on MEA and OA after 14 d at 25 °C, respectively. C, D. Conidiophores. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10.

Fig. 30

Lectera species. A–E. Lectera colletotrichoides (IMI 332702). F–J. Lectera longa (ex-type IMI 181698). A. Colony on PDA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. F. Sporulating conidiomata on PDA. G, H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Setae. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm. B (applies to C, D); G (applies to H).

Fig. 31

Lectera humicola (ex-type IMI 265740). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B. Sporulating conidiomata on PDA. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Seta F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 32

Lectera phaseoli (ex-type IMI 366179). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B. Sporulating conidiomata on PDA. C–E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Setae. G, H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 33

Verticillium dahliae (ex-epitype CBS 130341). A. Conidiophore. B. Phialides and conidia. C, D. Microsclerotia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 34

Verticillium longisporum (ex-type CBS 124.64). A. Conidiophore. B. Phialide and conidia. C. Microsclerotia directly on PCA. D, E. Microsclerotia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 35

Acrostalagmus luteoalbus (CBS 121214). A. Colony on OA after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 36

Acrostalagmus annulatus (CBS 185.70). A. Colony on OA after 20 d at 25 °C. B, C. Synnemata. D. Apical portion of a synnema. E, F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. Scale bars: C, D = 25 μm; E–G = 10 μm.

Fig. 37

Sodiomyces alcalophilus (ex-isotype CBS 114.92). A. Colony on MEA+KOH after 14 d at 25 °C. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Chlamydospore-like hyphae. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.