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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Dec 4;12(12):CD013194.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013194.

Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Jacqueline Dinnes  1 , Jonathan J Deeks, Matthew J Grainge, Naomi Chuchu, Lavinia Ferrante di Ruffano, Rubeta N Matin, David R Thomson, Kai Yuen Wong, Roger Benjamin Aldridge, Rachel Abbott, Monica Fawzy, Susan E Bayliss, Yemisi Takwoingi, Clare Davenport, Kathie Godfrey, Fiona M Walter, Hywel C Williams; Cochrane Skin Cancer Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Visual inspection for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Jacqueline Dinnes et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Melanoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates of any cancer. It accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases but is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. History-taking and visual inspection of a suspicious lesion by a clinician is usually the first in a series of 'tests' to diagnose skin cancer. Establishing the accuracy of visual inspection alone is critical to understating the potential contribution of additional tests to assist in the diagnosis of melanoma.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants in adults with limited prior testing and in those referred for further evaluation of a suspicious lesion. Studies were separated according to whether the diagnosis was recorded face-to-face (in-person) or based on remote (image-based) assessment.

Search methods: We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: CENTRAL; CINAHL; CPCI; Zetoc; Science Citation Index; US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register; NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database; and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles.

Selection criteria: Test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated visual inspection in adults with lesions suspicious for melanoma, compared with a reference standard of either histological confirmation or clinical follow-up. We excluded studies reporting data for 'clinical diagnosis' where dermoscopy may or may not have been used.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted all data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). We contacted authors of included studies where information related to the target condition or diagnostic threshold were missing. We estimated summary sensitivities and specificities per algorithm and threshold using the bivariate hierarchical model. We investigated the impact of: in-person test interpretation; use of a purposely developed algorithm to assist diagnosis; and observer expertise.

Main results: We included 49 publications reporting on a total of 51 study cohorts with 34,351 lesions (including 2499 cases), providing 134 datasets for visual inspection. Across almost all study quality domains, the majority of study reports provided insufficient information to allow us to judge the risk of bias, while in three of four domains that we assessed we scored concerns regarding applicability of study findings as 'high'. Selective participant recruitment, lack of detail regarding the threshold for deciding on a positive test result, and lack of detail on observer expertise were particularly problematic.Attempts to analyse studies by degree of prior testing were hampered by a lack of relevant information and by the restricted inclusion of lesions selected for biopsy or excision. Accuracy was generally much higher for in-person diagnosis compared to image-based evaluations (relative diagnostic odds ratio of 8.54, 95% CI 2.89 to 25.3, P < 0.001). Meta-analysis of in-person evaluations that could be clearly placed on the clinical pathway showed a general trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, with the highest sensitivity (92.4%, 95% CI 26.2% to 99.8%) and lowest specificity (79.7%, 95% CI 73.7% to 84.7%) observed in participants with limited prior testing (n = 3 datasets). Summary sensitivities were lower for those referred for specialist assessment but with much higher specificities (e.g. sensitivity 76.7%, 95% CI 61.7% to 87.1%) and specificity 95.7%, 95% CI 89.7% to 98.3%) for lesions selected for excision, n = 8 datasets). These differences may be related to differences in the spectrum of included lesions, differences in the definition of a positive test result, or to variations in observer expertise. We did not find clear evidence that accuracy is improved by the use of any algorithm to assist diagnosis in all settings. Attempts to examine the effect of observer expertise in melanoma diagnosis were hindered due to poor reporting.

Authors' conclusions: Visual inspection is a fundamental component of the assessment of a suspicious skin lesion; however, the evidence suggests that melanomas will be missed if visual inspection is used on its own. The evidence to support its accuracy in the range of settings in which it is used is flawed and very poorly reported. Although published algorithms do not appear to improve accuracy, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the 'no algorithm' approach should be preferred in all settings. Despite the volume of research evaluating visual inspection, further prospective evaluation of the potential added value of using established algorithms according to the prior testing or diagnostic difficulty of lesions may be warranted.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jacqueline Dinnes: nothing to declare. Jonathan J Deeks: nothing to declare. Matthew J Grainge: nothing to declare. Naomi Chuchu: nothing to declare. Lavinia Ferrante di Ruffano: nothing to declare. Rubeta N Matin: "my institution received a grant for a Barco NV commercially sponsored study to evaluate digital dermoscopy in the skin cancer clinic. My institution also received Oxfordshire Health Services Research Charitable Funds for carrying out a study of feasibility of using the Skin Cancer Quality of Life Impact Tool (SCQOLIT) in non melanoma skin cancer. I have received royalties for the Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology (Oxford University Press) and payment from the UK Photopheresis Society for a lecture on cutaneous graft versus host disease (October 2017). I have no conflicts of interest to declare that directly relate to the publication of this work." David R Thomson: nothing to declare. Kai Yuen Wong: nothing to declare. Roger Benjamin Aldridge: nothing to declare. Rachel Abbott: nothing to declare. Monica Fawzy: nothing to declare. Susan E Bayliss: nothing to declare. Yemisi Takwoingi: nothing to declare. Clare Davenport: nothing to declare. Kathie Godfrey: nothing to declare. Fiona M Walter: nothing to declare. Hywel C Williams: I am director of the NIHR HTA Programme. HTA is part of the NIHR, which also supports the NIHR systematic reviews programme from which this work is funded.

Figures

1
1
Sample photographs of superficial spreading melanoma (left) and nodular melanoma (right). Copyright © 2010 Dr Rubeta Matin: reproduced with permission.
2
2
Current clinical pathway for people with skin lesions.
3
3
Clinical pathway
4
4
PRISMA flow diagram.
5
5
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies
6
6
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
7
7
Forest plot of in‐person evaluations of visual inspection for detection of invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants by point on the clinical pathway where they are diagnosed
8
8
Forest plot of image‐based evaluations of visual inspection for detection of invasive melanoma and melanocytic intraepidermal variants by point on the clinical pathway where they are diagnosed
9
9
Summary estimates of accuracy of in‐person visual inspection for the detection of invasive melanoma and melanocytic intraepidermal variants by point on the clinical pathway where they are diagnosed (confidence regions are not plotted due to small numbers of studies)
10
10
Summary estimates of accuracy of image‐based visual inspection for the detection of invasive melanoma and melanocytic intraepidermal variants by point on the clinical pathway where they are diagnosed (confidence regions are not plotted due to small numbers of studies)
11
11
Summary ROC comparing in‐person and image‐based evaluations of visual inspection for detection of invasive melanoma or atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants (MEL)
12
12
Summary ROC plot of in‐person visual inspection evaluations stratified by study setting for detection of invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants (MEL)
13
13
Summary ROC Plot of in‐person visual inspection evaluations stratified by use of a published algorithm for detection of invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants (MEL)
14
14
Summary ROC plot of in‐person visual inspection evaluations stratified by reference standard for detection of invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants (MEL)
15
15
Summary ROC comparing in‐person and image‐based evaluations of visual inspection for detection of any skin lesion requiring excision (any)
1
1. Test
Visual inspection ‐ in‐person (MM).
2
2. Test
Visual inspection ‐ image‐based (MM).
3
3. Test
Visual inspection ‐ in‐person (MEL).
4
4. Test
Visual inspection ‐ image‐based (MEL).
5
5. Test
Visual inspection ‐ in‐person (Any).
6
6. Test
Visual inspection ‐ image‐based (Any).
7
7. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ no algorithm.
8
8. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ no algorithm (alternative thresholds).
9
9. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ (A)BCD(E) at NR or standard threshold.
10
10. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCD at NR.
11
11. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 1.
12
12. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 2.
13
13. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 3.
14
14. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 4.
15
15. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 5.
16
16. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ BCD at ≥ 1.
17
17. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ BCD at ≥ 2.
18
18. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ BCD at ≥ 3.
19
19. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ 7point at ≥ 2.
20
20. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ 7point at ≥ 3.
21
21. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ 7point at ≥ 4.
22
22. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ 7point(rev) at ≥ 3.
23
23. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ in‐person ‐ Collas at ≥ 1.
24
24. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ no algorithm.
26
26. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ image‐based ‐ ABCD(E) at standard.
27
27. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ image‐based ‐ ABCD at ≥ 2.
28
28. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ image‐based ‐ ABCD at ≥ 3.
29
29. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ image‐based ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 2.
30
30. Test
MEL‐VI ‐ image‐based ‐ ABCDE at ≥ 3.
31
31. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ experience NR.
32
32. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ experience high.
33
33. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ experience moderate.
34
34. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ experience low.
35
35. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ in‐person ‐ experience mixed.
36
36. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ experience NR.
37
37. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ experience high.
38
38. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ experience low.
39
39. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ experience mixed.
40
40. Test
VI ‐ in‐person ‐ expert consultant (MEL).
41
41. Test
VI ‐ in‐person ‐ consultant (MEL).
42
42. Test
VI ‐ in‐person ‐ resident/registrar (MEL).
43
43. Test
VI ‐ in‐person ‐ mixed qualifications (secondary care) (MEL).
44
44. Test
VI ‐ in‐person ‐ GP (MEL).
45
45. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ expert consultant.
46
46. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ consultant.
47
47. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ mixed qualifications (secondary care).
48
48. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ mixed qualifications (secondary/primary care).
49
49. Test
MEL‐ VI ‐ image‐based ‐ mixed qualifications (primary care).
51
51. Test
MEL ‐ Selected on quality ‐ pathway 2 or 3.
52
52. Test
MEL ‐ Selected on quality ‐ pathway 5.
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References

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    1. Stanganelli I, Serafini M, Bucch L. A cancer‐registry‐assisted evaluation of the accuracy of digital epiluminescence microscopy associated with clinical examination of pigmented skin lesions. Dermatology 2000;200(1):11‐6. [ER4:15466129; PUBMED: 10681607] - PubMed
Stanganelli 2005 {published data only}
    1. Stanganelli I, Brucale A, Calori L, Gori R, Lovato A, Magi S, et al. Computer‐aided diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. Anticancer Research 2005;25(6C):4577‐82. [ER4:15466126; PUBMED: 16334145] - PubMed
Steiner 1987 {published data only}
    1. Steiner A, Pehamberger H, Wolff K. In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. II. Diagnosis of small pigmented skin lesions and early detection of malignant melanoma. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987;17(4):584‐91. [ER4:17940992; PUBMED: 3668003] - PubMed
Thomas 1998 {published data only}
    1. Thomas L, Tranchand P, Berard F, Secchi T, Colin C, Moulin G. Semiological value of ABCDE criteria in the diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented tumors. Dermatology 1998;197(1):11‐7. [ER4:15466141; PUBMED: 9693179] - PubMed
Troyanova 2003 {published data only}
    1. Troyanova P. A beneficial effect of a short‐term formal training course in epiluminescence microscopy on the diagnostic performance of dermatologists about cutaneous malignant melanoma. Skin Research & Technology 2003;9(3):269‐73. [ER4:17941004; PUBMED: 12877690] - PubMed
Unlu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Unlu E, Akay BN, Erdem C. Comparison of dermatoscopic diagnostic algorithms based on calculation: the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy, the seven‐point checklist, the three‐point checklist and the CASH algorithm in dermatoscopic evaluation of melanocytic lesions. Journal of Dermatology 2014;41(7):598‐603. [ER4:15466145; PUBMED: 24807635] - PubMed
Viglizzo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Viglizzo G, Rongioletti F. Clinical, dermoscopic and pathologic correlation of pigmentary lesions observed in a dermoscopy service in the year 2003 [Correlazione clinico‐dermoscopico‐patologica delle lesioni cutanee pigmentate osservate in un servizio di dermoscopia nell'anno 2003]. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 2004;139(4):339‐44. [ER4:18375099]
Walter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Walter FM, Morris HC, Humphrys E, Hall PN, Prevost AT, Burrows N, et al. Effect of adding a diagnostic aid to best practice to manage suspicious pigmented lesions in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;345:e4110. [ER4:15466154; PUBMED: 22763392] - PMC - PubMed
Westerhoff 2000 {published data only}
    1. Westerhoff K, McCarthy WH, Menzies SW. Increase in the sensitivity for melanoma diagnosis by primary care physicians using skin surface microscopy. British Journal of Dermatology 2000;143(5):1016‐20. [ER4:15466164; PUBMED: 11069512] - PubMed
Winkelmann 2016 {published data only}
    1. Winkelmann RR, Farberg AS, Tucker N, White R, Rigel DS. Enhancement of international dermatologists' pigmented skin lesion biopsy decisions following dermoscopy with subsequent integration of multispectral digital skin lesion analysis. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2016;9(7):53‐5. [ER4:25701735; PUBMED: 27672411] - PMC - PubMed
Zaumseil 1983 {published data only}
    1. Zaumseil RP, Fiedler H, Gstöttner R. Clinico‐diagnostic accuracy in malignant melanoma of the skin [Klinisch‐diagnostische treffsicherheit beim malignen melanom der haut]. Dermatologische Monatschrift 1983;169(2):101‐5. [ER4:21450660; PUBMED: 6840366] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbasi 2004 {published data only}
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Blum 2004b {published data only}
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Blum 2004c {published data only}
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Bolognia 1990 {published data only}
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Bono 2001 {published data only}
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Borsari 2015 {published data only}
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Borve 2012 {published data only}
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Brown 2000 {published data only}
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Brown 2009 {published data only}
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Buhl 2012 {published data only}
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Burki 2015 {published data only}
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Burr 2015 {published data only}
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Burton 1998 {published data only}
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Carli 2003b {published data only}
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Carli 2003c {published data only}
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Carli 2004a {published data only}
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Carli 2004b {published data only}
    1. Carli P, Giorgi V, Crocetti E, Mannone F, Massi D, Chiarugi A, et al. Improvement of malignant/benign ratio in excised melanocytic lesions in the 'dermoscopy era': a retrospective study 1997‐2001. British Journal of Dermatology 2004;150(4):687‐92. - PubMed
Carli 2004c {published data only}
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Carli 2005 {published data only}
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Carlos‐Ortega 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carlos‐Ortega B, Sanchez‐Alva ME, Ysita‐Morales A, Angeles‐Garay U. Correlation among simple observation and dermoscopy in the study of pigmented lesions of the skin. Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2007;45(6):541‐8. - PubMed
Chen 2001 {published data only}
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Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen SC, Pennie ML, Kolm P, Warshaw EM, Weisberg EL, Brown KM, et al. Diagnosing and managing cutaneous pigmented lesions: primary care physicians versus dermatologists. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006;21(7):678‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Chiaravalloti 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chiaravalloti AJ, Laduca JR. Melanoma screening by means of complete skin exams for all patients in a dermatology practice reduces the thickness of primary melanomas at diagnosis. Journal of Clinical & Aesthetic Dermatology 2014;7(8):18‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Ciudad‐Blanco 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ciudad‐Blanco C, Aviles‐Izquierdo JA, Lazaro‐Ochaita P, Suarez‐Fernandez R. Dermoscopic findings for the early detection of melanoma: an analysis of 200 cases. Actas Dermo‐sifiliograficas 2014;105(7):683‐93. - PubMed
Cooper 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of suspected premalignant and malignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2002;27(6):436‐8. - PubMed
Cornell 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cornell E, Robertson K, McIntosh RD, Rees JL. Viewing exemplars of melanomas and benign mimics of melanoma modestly improves diagnostic skills in comparison with the ABCD method and other image‐based methods for lay identification of melanoma. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 2015;95(6):681‐5. - PubMed
Cox 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cox NH, Madan V, Sanders T. The U.K. skin cancer 'two‐week rule' proforma: assessment of potential modifications to improve referral accuracy. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;158(6):1293‐8. - PubMed
DeCoste 1993 {published data only}
    1. DeCoste SD, Stern RS. Diagnosis and treatment of nevomelanocytic lesions of the skin: a community‐based study. Archives of Dermatology 1993;129(1):57‐62. - PubMed
De Giorgi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Giorgi V, Grazzini M, Rossari S, Gori A, Alfaioli B, Papi F, et al. Adding dermatoscopy to naked eye examination of equivocal melanocytic skin lesions: effect on intention to excise by general dermatologists. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2011;36(3):255‐9. [ER4:15465901] - PubMed
Di Carlo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Carlo A, Elia F, Desiderio F, Catricala C, Solivetti FM, Laino L. Can video thermography improve differential diagnosis and therapy between basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis?. Dermatologic Therapy 2014;27(5):290‐7. - PubMed
Di Chiacchio 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chiacchio N, Hirata SH, Enokihara MY, Michalany NS, Fabbrocini G, Tosti A. Dermatologists' accuracy in early diagnosis of melanoma of the nail matrix. Archives of Dermatology 2010;146(4):382‐7. - PubMed
Dreiseitl 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dreiseitl S, Binder M, Hable K, Kittler H. Computer versus human diagnosis of melanoma: evaluation of the feasibility of an automated diagnostic system in a prospective clinical trial. Melanoma Research 2009;19(3):180‐4. - PubMed
Duff 2001 {published data only}
    1. Duff CG, Melsom D, Rigby HS, Kenealy JM, Townsend PL. A 6 year prospective analysis of the diagnosis of malignant melanoma in a pigmented‐lesion clinic: even the experts miss malignant melanomas, but not often. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2001;54(4):317‐21. - PubMed
Edmondson 1999 {published data only}
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Emmons 2011 {published data only}
    1. Emmons KM, Geller AC, Puleo E, Savadatti SS, Hu SW, Gorham S, et al. Skin cancer education and early detection at the beach: a randomized trial of dermatologist examination and biometric feedback. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;64(2):282‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Engelberg 1999 {published data only}
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English 2003 {published data only}
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English 2004 {published data only}
    1. English DR, Mar C, Burton RC. Factors influencing the number needed to excise: excision rates of pigmented lesions by general practitioners. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;180(1):16‐9. - PubMed
Fabbrocini 2008 {published data only}
    1. Fabbrocini G, Balato A, Rescigno O, Mariano M, Scalvenzi M, Brunetti B. Telediagnosis and face‐to‐face diagnosis reliability for melanocytic and non‐melanocytic 'pink' lesions. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2008;22(2):229‐34. - PubMed
Federman 1995 {published data only}
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Fikrle 2013 {published data only}
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Freeman 1963 {published data only}
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Friedman 1985 {published data only}
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Funt 1963 {published data only}
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Gerbert 1996 {published data only}
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Gerbert 1998 {published data only}
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Giannotti 2004 {published data only}
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Grana 2003 {published data only}
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Grob 1998 {published data only}
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Guibert 2000 {published data only}
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Gunduz 2003 {published data only}
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Gutierrez 2013 {published data only}
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Hacioglu 2013 {published data only}
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Haenssle 2010 {published data only}
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Haenssle 2010a {published data only}
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Hallock 1998 {published data only}
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Haniffa 2007 {published data only}
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Har‐Shai 2001 {published data only}
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Heal 2008 {published data only}
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Healsmith 1994 {published data only}
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Higgins 1992 {published data only}
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Hoorens 2016 {published data only}
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Huang 1996 {published data only}
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Jamora 2003 {published data only}
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Janda 2014 {published data only}
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Jensen 2015 {published data only}
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Jolliffe 2001 {published data only}
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Jonna 1998 {published data only}
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Kaddu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Kaddu S, Soyer HP, Wolf IH, Rieger E, Kerl H. Reticular lentigo. Hautarzt 1997;48(3):181‐5. - PubMed
Keefe 1990 {published data only}
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Kelly 1986 {published data only}
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Koh 1990 {published data only}
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Kroemer 2011 {published data only}
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