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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Dec 4;12(12):CD013191.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013191.

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

Jacqueline Dinnes  1 , Jonathan J Deeks, Naomi Chuchu, Daniel Saleh, Susan E Bayliss, Yemisi Takwoingi, Clare Davenport, Lopa Patel, Rubeta N Matin, Colette O'Sullivan, Rakesh Patalay, Hywel C Williams; Cochrane Skin Cancer Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults

Jacqueline Dinnes et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Early accurate detection of all skin cancer types is important to guide appropriate management and improve morbidity and survival. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is usually a localised skin cancer but with potential to infiltrate and damage surrounding tissue, whereas cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and melanoma are higher risk skin cancers with the potential to metastasise and ultimately lead to death. When used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic suspicion of malignancy, or both, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may help to identify cancers eligible for non-surgical treatment without the need for a diagnostic biopsy, particularly in people with suspected BCC. Any potential benefit must be balanced against the risk of any misdiagnoses.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of RCM for the detection of BCC, cSCC, or any skin cancer in adults with any suspicious lesion and lesions that are difficult to diagnose (equivocal); and to compare its accuracy with that of usual practice (visual inspection or dermoscopy, or both).

Search methods: We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; CINAHL; CPCI; Zetoc; Science Citation Index; US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register; NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database; and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles.

Selection criteria: Studies of any design that evaluated the accuracy of RCM alone, or RCM in comparison to visual inspection or dermoscopy, or both, in adults with lesions suspicious for skin cancer compared with a reference standard of either histological confirmation or clinical follow-up, or both.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). We contacted authors of included studies where information related to the target condition or diagnostic threshold were missing. We estimated summary sensitivities and specificities using the bivariate hierarchical model. For computation of likely numbers of true-positive, false-positive, false-negative, and true-negative findings in the 'Summary of findings' tables, we applied summary sensitivity and specificity estimates to lower quartile, median and upper quartiles of the prevalence observed in the study groups. We also investigated the impact of observer experience.

Main results: The review included 10 studies reporting on 11 study cohorts. All 11 cohorts reported data for the detection of BCC, including 2037 lesions (464 with BCC); and four cohorts reported data for the detection of cSCC, including 834 lesions (71 with cSCC). Only one study also reported data for the detection of BCC or cSCC using dermoscopy, limiting comparisons between RCM and dermoscopy. Studies were at high or unclear risk of bias across almost all methodological quality domains, and were of high or unclear concern regarding applicability of the evidence. Selective participant recruitment, unclear blinding of the reference test, and exclusions due to image quality or technical difficulties were observed. It was unclear whether studies were representative of populations eligible for testing with RCM, and test interpretation was often undertaken using images, remotely from the participant and the interpreter blinded to clinical information that would normally be available in practice.Meta-analysis found RCM to be more sensitive but less specific for the detection of BCC in studies of participants with equivocal lesions (sensitivity 94%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79% to 98%; specificity 85%, 95% CI 72% to 92%; 3 studies) compared to studies that included any suspicious lesion (sensitivity 76%, 95% CI 45% to 92%; specificity 95%, 95% CI 66% to 99%; 4 studies), although CIs were wide. At the median prevalence of disease of 12.5% observed in studies including any suspicious lesion, applying these results to a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions results in 30 BCCs missed with 44 false-positive results (lesions misdiagnosed as BCCs). At the median prevalence of disease of 15% observed in studies of equivocal lesions, nine BCCs would be missed with 128 false-positive results in a population of 1000 lesions. Across both sets of studies, up to 15% of these false-positive lesions were observed to be melanomas mistaken for BCCs. There was some suggestion of higher sensitivities in studies with more experienced observers. Summary sensitivity and specificity could not be estimated for the detection of cSCC due to paucity of data.

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence for the use of RCM for the diagnosis of BCC or cSCC in either population group. A possible role for RCM in clinical practice is as a tool to avoid diagnostic biopsies in lesions with a relatively high clinical suspicion of BCC. The potential for, and consequences of, misclassification of other skin cancers such as melanoma as BCCs requires further research. Importantly, data are lacking that compare RCM to standard clinical practice (with or without dermoscopy).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JD: nothing to declare. JJD: nothing to declare. NC: nothing to declare. DS: nothing to declare. SB: nothing to declare. YT: nothing to declare. CD: nothing to declare. LP: nothing to declare. RM: "my institution received a grant for a BARCO NV commercially sponsored study to evaluate digital dermoscopy in the skin cancer clinic and Oxfordshire Health Services Research Charitable Funds for carrying out a study of feasibility of using the SCQOLIT tool in non‐melanoma skin cancer; I have received payment from the UK Photopheresis Society for a lecture on cutaneous graft versus host disease October 2017; and royalties for Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology (Oxford University Press). I have no conflicts of interest to declare that directly relate to the publication of this work." COS: nothing to declare. RP: nothing to declare. HCW: "I am director of the NIHR HTA Programme. HTA is part of the NIHR which also supports the NIHR systematic reviews programme from which this work is funded."

Figures

1
1
Sample photographs of superficial spreading melanoma (left), basal cell carcinoma (centre) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (right). Copyright © 2012 Dr Rubeta Matin: reproduced with permission.
2
2
RCM images of normal skin (top) and of lentigo maligna (bottom). Copyright © 2017 Dr Rakesh Patalay: reproduced with permission.
3
3
Caliber ID Vivascope 1500 with 3000 attachment. Copyright © 2017 Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust: reproduced with permission.
4
4
Current clinical pathway for people with skin lesions.
5
5
PRISMA flow diagram.
6
6
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies.
7
7
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study.
8
8
Forest plot of tests: RCM for the detection of BCC in any suspicious lesion (top), equivocal lesions (centre), other lesion (bottom) populations. CI: confidence interval; FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
9
9
ROC Plot of tests: RCM for the detection of BCC in any suspicious lesion, equivocal lesions, other lesion populations.
10
10
ROC Plot of tests: reflectance confocal microscopy versus dermoscopy in equivocal lesions (Witkowski 2016). BCC: basal cell carcinoma; CI: confidence interval.
11
11
Forest plot of accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy to detect basal cell carcinoma (BCC) by experience (separately for in‐person and image‐based studies). CI: confidence interval; FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
12
12
Forest plot of tests: reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of cSCC in any suspicious lesion (top), equivocal lesions (centre), and other lesion (lower) populations. CI: confidence interval; FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
13
13
Forest plot of tests: reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of any skin cancer (KER) in any suspicious lesion (top), equivocal lesions (centre), other lesion (lower) populations. CI: confidence interval; FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive
14
14
ROC plot of tests: reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of any skin cancer (KER) for correct diagnosis of each malignancy and decision to excise a lesion (image‐based evaluations).
15
15
ROC plot of tests: reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of any skin cancer (KER) for correct diagnosis of each malignancy and decision to excise a lesion (in‐person evaluations).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Giambrone 2015 {published data only}
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Gill 2014 {published data only}
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Gonzalez 2002 {published data only}
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Gonzalez 2013 {published data only}
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Guida 2015 {published data only}
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Guitera 2009 {published data only}
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Guitera 2010 {published data only}
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Guitera 2013 {published data only}
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Hennessy 2010 {published data only}
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Hofmann‐Wellenhof 2008 {published data only}
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Hoogedoorn 2014 {published data only}
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Hoogedoorn 2015 {published data only}
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Humphrey 2006 {published data only}
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Kadouch 2015a {published data only}
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Kadouch 2015b {published data only}
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Koller 2011 {published data only}
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Kose 2014 {published data only}
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Langley 2001 {published data only}
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Langley 2006 {published data only}
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Langley 2007 {published data only}
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Losi 2014 {published data only}
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Lovatto 2015 {published data only}
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Maier 2013 {published data only}
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Malvehy 2012 {published data only}
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Menge 2016 {published data only}
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Miller 2011 {published data only}
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Nobre Moura 2011 {published data only}
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Pellacani 2005 {published data only}
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Pellacani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Pellacani G, Guitera P, Longo C, Avramidis M, Seidenari S, Menzies S. The impact of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma and equivocal melanocytic lesions. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007;127(12):2759‐65. [ER4:15466047; PUBMED: 17657243] - PubMed
Pellacani 2008 {published data only}
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Pellacani 2009 {published data only}
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Pellacani 2012 {published data only}
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Peppelman 2013 {published data only}
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Peppelman 2015 {published data only}
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Peppelman 2016 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Borsari 2016 {published data only}
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