Diversity, phenology and distribution of Termitomyces species in Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract

The mutualistic symbiosis between termites of the Macrotermitinae subfamily (Isoptera: Termitidae) and fungi of the genus Termitomyces (Basidiomycota: Lyophyllaceae) is of great ecological and socio-economic importance. Seasonal fruit bodies of the symbiotic fungi are regularly collected and sold in Côte d'Ivoire. However, there are very few studies on their diversity, phenology, distribution and especially the socio-economic scope of the fruit bodies of these fungi at a national scale. This study aims at (i) assessing the diversity of Termitomyces fruit bodies in Côte d'Ivoire and (ii) mapping their fructification areas through a determination of their spatiotemporal distribution according to a climatic and phytogeographic gradients. Using ethnomycological surveys all over the Ivorian territory, information was collected from rural populations on the fructification of Termitomyces and their socio-economic importance. Based on these surveys, sampling efforts of these fungi were properly structured and oriented. The results revealed a diversity of 16 species of Termitomyces, including 9 species new to Côte d'Ivoire and 2 probably new to science. Five species were found in the forest zone, nine in theGuinean savannah zone and four in the Sudano-Guinean zone. Termitomyces's fructifications were observed throughout the year, with specific period for each species. All listed species are regularly consumed by populations. However, only Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) R. Heim and Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim are marketed on a relatively large scale.

Keywords: Côte d’Ivoire; Termitomyces; distribution; diversity; fungus-growing termites; phenology.

Figure 1.

Termitomyces’ species of Côte d’Ivoire. A = Termitomyces fuliginosus R. Heim, B = Termitomyces sp6, C = Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broom) Heim, D = Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) R. Heim, E = Termitomyces sp1, F = Termitomyces sp4, G = Termitomyces cf. aurantiacus, H = Termitomyces sp2, I = Termitomyces cf. clypeatus R. Heim, J = Termitomyces sp7, K = Termitomyces sp5, L = Termitomyces sp3, M = Termitomyces eurhizus (Berk.) R. Heim, N = Termitomyces medius R. Heim & Grassé, O = Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim, P = Termitomyces striatus (Beeli) Heim.