Impact of Growth Hormone-Related Mutations on Mammalian Aging

Abstract

Mutations of a single gene can lead to a major increase in longevity in organisms ranging from yeast and worms to insects and mammals. Discovering these mutations (sometimes referred to as "longevity genes") led to identification of evolutionarily conserved molecular, cellular, and organismal mechanisms of aging. Studies in mice provided evidence for the important role of growth hormone (GH) signaling in mammalian aging. Mice with mutations or gene deletions leading to GH deficiency or GH resistance have reduced body size and delayed maturation, but are healthier and more resistant to stress, age slower, and live longer than their normal (wild type) siblings. Mutations of the same genes in people can provide remarkable protection from age-related disease, but have no consistent impact on lifespan. Ongoing research indicates that genetic defects in GH signaling are linked to extension of healthspan and lifespan via a variety of interlocking mechanism, including improvements in genome and stem cell maintenance, stress resistance, glucose homeostasis, and thermogenesis, along with reductions in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1 complex signaling and in chronic low grade inflammation.

Keywords: IGF-1; aging; dwarf mice; growth hormone; healthspan; lifespan; longevity genes; somatotropic axis.

FIGURE 1

Key mechanisms of GH signaling include binding to a dimeric GH receptor (GHR) and phosphorylation (activation) of janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT5), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and molecular transcription factors (TFs), leading to enhanced transcription of IGF-1 and other GH-regulated genes (adapted from Bartke et al., 2013).