Prevalence and Incidence of Zika Virus Infection Among Household Contacts of Patients With Zika Virus Disease, Puerto Rico, 2016-2017

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the prevalence or incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in settings affected by the 2015-2016 Zika pandemic and associated risk factors. We assessed these factors among household contacts of patients with ZIKV disease enrolled in a cohort study in Puerto Rico during 2016-2017.

Methods: Household contacts of index case patients completed a questionnaire and gave specimens for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing to detect ZIKV infection. We measured the prevalence of ZIKV infection among contacts and associated individual and household factors, examined sexual transmission using a sexual-networks approach, and assessed incident infection among initially uninfected household contacts 2-4 months later.

Results: Of 366 contacts, 34.4% had evidence of ZIKV infection at enrollment, including 11.2% by RT-PCR. Having open doors and windows that were either screened (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.1 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-3.6]) or unscreened (PR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-4.1]) was associated with increased prevalence. Sexual partners were more likely to both be RT-PCR positive relative to other relationships (odds ratio, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.1-4.5]). At follow-up, 6.1% of contacts had evidence of incident infection.

Conclusions: This study identified sexual contact as a risk factor for ZIKV infection. Persons living with ZIKV-infected individuals should be a focus of public health efforts.

Keywords: Zika virus; arbovirus; household transmission; sexual transmission.

Figure 1.

Illustration of use of household dyadic data for inferring association between prevalence of Zika virus infection and sexual contact, Zika Persistence (ZiPer) study, Puerto Rico, 2016–2017.