Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, previously known as low-level laser therapy, was discovered more than 50 years ago, yet there is still no agreement on the parameters and protocols for its clinical application. Some groups have recommended the use of a power density less than 100 mW/cm2 and an energy density of 4 to 10 J/cm2 at the level of the target tissue. Others recommend as much as 50 J/cm2 at the tissue surface. The wide range of parameters that can be applied (wavelength, energy, fluence, power, irradiance, pulse mode, treatment duration, and repetition) in some cases has led to contradictory results. In our review, we attempt to evaluate the range of effective and ineffective parameters in PBM. Studies in vitro with cultured cells or in vivo with different tissues were divided into those with higher numbers of mitochondria (muscle, brain, heart, nerve) or lower numbers of mitochondria (skin, tendon, cartilage). Graphs were plotted of energy density against power density. Although the results showed a high degree of variability, cells/tissues with high numbers of mitochondria tended to respond to lower doses of light than those with lower number of mitochondria. Ineffective studies in cells with high mitochondrial activity appeared to be more often due to over-dosing than to under-dosing.

Keywords: effective and ineffective studies; low-level laser therapy; mitochondrial numbers; parameters; photobiomodulation.

Fig. 1

Studies on PBM of cells in vitro with higher numbers of mitochondria. (a) Effective (positive studies), (b) ineffective (negative studies), and (c) combination of effective (positive studies), and ineffective (negative studies).

Fig. 2

Studies on PBM of cells in vitro with lower numbers of mitochondria. (a) Effective (positive studies), (b) ineffective (negative studies), and (c) combination of effective (positive studies) and ineffective (negative studies).

Fig. 3

Studies on PBM of tissues in vivo with higher numbers of mitochondria. (a) Effective (positive studies), (b) ineffective (negative studies), and (c) combination of effective (positive studies) and ineffective (negative studies).

Fig. 4

Studies on PBM of tissues in vivo with lower numbers of mitochondria. (a) Effective (positive studies), (b) ineffective (negative studies), and (c) combination of effective (positive studies) and ineffective (negative studies).