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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Dec 17;12(12):CD010912.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub5.

Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work

Nipun Shrestha  1 , Katriina T Kukkonen-Harjula, Jos H Verbeek, Sharea Ijaz, Veerle Hermans, Zeljko Pedisic
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work

Nipun Shrestha et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A large number of people are employed in sedentary occupations. Physical inactivity and excessive sitting at workplaces have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and all-cause mortality.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of workplace interventions to reduce sitting at work compared to no intervention or alternative interventions.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OSH UPDATE, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) search portal up to 9 August 2017. We also screened reference lists of articles and contacted authors to find more studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross-over RCTs, cluster-randomised controlled trials (cluster-RCTs), and quasi-RCTs of interventions to reduce sitting at work. For changes of workplace arrangements, we also included controlled before-and-after studies. The primary outcome was time spent sitting at work per day, either self-reported or measured using devices such as an accelerometer-inclinometer and duration and number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more. We considered energy expenditure, total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), time spent standing at work, work productivity and adverse events as secondary outcomes.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles for study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted authors for additional data where required.

Main results: We found 34 studies - including two cross-over RCTs, 17 RCTs, seven cluster-RCTs, and eight controlled before-and-after studies - with a total of 3,397 participants, all from high-income countries. The studies evaluated physical workplace changes (16 studies), workplace policy changes (four studies), information and counselling (11 studies), and multi-component interventions (four studies). One study included both physical workplace changes and information and counselling components. We did not find any studies that specifically investigated the effects of standing meetings or walking meetings on sitting time.Physical workplace changesInterventions using sit-stand desks, either alone or in combination with information and counselling, reduced sitting time at work on average by 100 minutes per workday at short-term follow-up (up to three months) compared to sit-desks (95% confidence interval (CI) -116 to -84, 10 studies, low-quality evidence). The pooled effect of two studies showed sit-stand desks reduced sitting time at medium-term follow-up (3 to 12 months) by an average of 57 minutes per day (95% CI -99 to -15) compared to sit-desks. Total sitting time (including sitting at and outside work) also decreased with sit-stand desks compared to sit-desks (mean difference (MD) -82 minutes/day, 95% CI -124 to -39, two studies) as did the duration of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more (MD -53 minutes/day, 95% CI -79 to -26, two studies, very low-quality evidence).We found no significant difference between the effects of standing desks and sit-stand desks on reducing sitting at work. Active workstations, such as treadmill desks or cycling desks, had unclear or inconsistent effects on sitting time.Workplace policy changesWe found no significant effects for implementing walking strategies on workplace sitting time at short-term (MD -15 minutes per day, 95% CI -50 to 19, low-quality evidence, one study) and medium-term (MD -17 minutes/day, 95% CI -61 to 28, one study) follow-up. Short breaks (one to two minutes every half hour) reduced time spent sitting at work on average by 40 minutes per day (95% CI -66 to -15, one study, low-quality evidence) compared to long breaks (two 15-minute breaks per workday) at short-term follow-up.Information and counsellingProviding information, feedback, counselling, or all of these resulted in no significant change in time spent sitting at work at short-term follow-up (MD -19 minutes per day, 95% CI -57 to 19, two studies, low-quality evidence). However, the reduction was significant at medium-term follow-up (MD -28 minutes per day, 95% CI -51 to -5, two studies, low-quality evidence).Computer prompts combined with information resulted in no significant change in sitting time at work at short-term follow-up (MD -14 minutes per day, 95% CI -39 to 10, three studies, low-quality evidence), but at medium-term follow-up they produced a significant reduction (MD -55 minutes per day, 95% CI -96 to -14, one study). Furthermore, computer prompting resulted in a significant decrease in the average number (MD -1.1, 95% CI -1.9 to -0.3, one study) and duration (MD -74 minutes per day, 95% CI -124 to -24, one study) of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more.Computer prompts with instruction to stand reduced sitting at work on average by 14 minutes per day (95% CI 10 to 19, one study) more than computer prompts with instruction to walk at least 100 steps at short-term follow-up.We found no significant reduction in workplace sitting time at medium-term follow-up following mindfulness training (MD -23 minutes per day, 95% CI -63 to 17, one study, low-quality evidence). Similarly a single study reported no change in sitting time at work following provision of highly personalised or contextualised information and less personalised or contextualised information. One study found no significant effects of activity trackers on sitting time at work.Multi-component interventions Combining multiple interventions had significant but heterogeneous effects on sitting time at work (573 participants, three studies, very low-quality evidence) and on time spent in prolonged sitting bouts (two studies, very low-quality evidence) at short-term follow-up.

Authors' conclusions: At present there is low-quality evidence that the use of sit-stand desks reduce workplace sitting at short-term and medium-term follow-ups. However, there is no evidence on their effects on sitting over longer follow-up periods. Effects of other types of interventions, including workplace policy changes, provision of information and counselling, and multi-component interventions, are mostly inconsistent. The quality of evidence is low to very low for most interventions, mainly because of limitations in study protocols and small sample sizes. There is a need for larger cluster-RCTs with longer-term follow-ups to determine the effectiveness of different types of interventions to reduce sitting time at work.

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Conflict of interest statement

Nipun Shrestha: None known.

Jos Verbeek: I am employed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health to co‐ordinate the Cochrane Work Group.

Sharea Ijaz: None known.

Katriina T Kukkonen‐Harjula: None known.

Veerle Hermans: None known.

Zeljko Pedisic: None known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, outcome: 1.1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work: short‐term follow‐up.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work follow‐up short‐term.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term ‐ sensitivity analysis.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work. follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term (CBA).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term (RCT only).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 10 Work performance (1‐10 scale), follow‐up short‐term (CBA).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 11 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last three months (CBA).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 12 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last month (CBA).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up short‐term.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 14 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up Medium‐term.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work, follow‐up medium term.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Percentage of lost work productivity (WLQ Index Score) follow‐up medium‐term.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Short break versus long break, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium term.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 6 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 6 Mean difference in energy expenditure, follow‐up medium‐term.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 2 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 High personalised or contextualised information versus less personalised or contextualised information, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.
11.10
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 7 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.
12.8
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
12.9
12.9. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.
12.10
12.10. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.
12.11
12.11. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 11 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up medium‐term.
12.12
12.12. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 12 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up short‐term.
12.13
12.13. Analysis
Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms all sites (score 0–6) at short‐term follow‐up.
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Kress MM. The use of stand‐capable workstations for reducing sedentary time in office employees. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University. 2014.
Li 2017 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615001018505. Examining different sit‐stand protocols in terms of health and behavioural outcomes: an office‐based pilot study. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=369210 (accessed 12 September 2017).
    1. Li I, Mackey MG, Foley B, Pappas E, Edwards K, Chau JY, et al. Reducing office workers' sitting time at work using sit‐stand protocols: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine 2016;59(6):543‐9. - PubMed
MacEwen 2017 {published data only}
    1. MacEwen BT, Saunders TJ, MacDonald DJ, Burr JF. Sit‐stand desks to reduce workplace sitting time In office workers with abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2017;17:1‐18. - PubMed
    1. NCT02342301. Cardiometabolic Response to Sit‐stand Workstations. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02342301 (accessed 12 September 2017).
Mailey 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mailey EL, Rosenkranz SK, Casey K, Swank A. Comparing the effects of two different break strategies on occupational sedentary behavior in a real world setting. Preventive Medicine Reports 2016;4:423‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02609438. An intervention to reduce sitting time at work: effects on metabolic health and inactivity (Up4Health). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02609438 (accessed 12 September 2017).
Neuhaus 2014a {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001246875. Reducing sitting time in office workers: comparison of a multifaceted workplace approach vs. installation of height‐adjustable desks only using a three‐armed controlled trial. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612001246875.aspx (accessed 15 March 2014).
    1. Neuhaus M, Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Eakin EG. Workplace sitting and height‐adjustable workstations: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;46(1):30‐40. - PubMed
Pedersen 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cooley D, Pedersen S, Mainsbridge C. Assessment of the impact of a workplace intervention to reduce prolonged occupational sitting time. Qualitative Health Research 2014;24(1):90‐101. - PubMed
    1. Pedersen SJ, Cooley PD, Mainsbridge C. An e‐health intervention designed to increase workday energy expenditure by reducing prolonged occupational sitting habits. Work 2014;49(2):289‐95. - PubMed
Pickens 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pickens AW, Kress MM, Benden ME, Zhao H, Wendel M, Congleton JJ. Stand‐capable desk use in a call center:a six‐month follow‐up pilot study. Public Health 2016;135:131‐4. - PubMed
Priebe 2015 {published data only}
    1. Priebe CS, Spink KS. Less sitting and more moving in the office: using descriptive norm messages to decrease sedentary behavior and increase light physical activity at work. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2015;19:76‐84.
Puig‐Ribera 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT02960750. Effectiveness of a workplace "Sit Less and Move More" web‐based program (Walk@WorkSpain) on occupational sedentary behavior, habitual physical activity, physical risk factors for chronic disease and efficiency‐related outcomes in Spanish office employees. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02960750 (accessed 12 September 2017).
    1. Puig‐Ribera A, Bort‐Roig J, Gine‐Garriga M, Gonzalez‐Suarez AM, Martinez‐Lemos I, Fortuno J, et al. Impact of a workplace 'sit less, move more' program on efficiency‐related outcomes of office employees. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):455. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Puig‐Ribera A, Bort‐Roig J, González‐Suárez AM, Martínez‐Lemos I, Giné‐Garriga M, Fortuño J, et al. Patterns of impact resulting from a 'sit less, move more' web‐based program in sedentary office employees. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e01224. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Roig JB, Horcajo MM, Ribera AP, Gonzalez Á, Lemos IM. Walk and Work Spain: Participants’ perspectives and experiences on reducing occupational sitting time. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15(Supplement 1):S303.
Sandy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sandy ME. Longitudinal Study of Adjustable Workstations. Graduate Theses and Dissertations 2016.
Schuna 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01587092. Workstation Pilot Study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01587092 (accessed 3 June 2014).
    1. Schuna JM Jr, Swift DL, Hendrick CA, Duet MT, Johnson WD, Martin CK, et al. Evaluation of a workplace treadmill desk intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2014;56(12):1266‐76. - PubMed
    1. Tudor‐Locke C, Hendrick CA, Duet MT, Swift DL, Schuna JM Jr, Martin CK, et al. Implementation and adherence issues in a workplace treadmill desk intervention. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2014;39(10):1104‐11. - PubMed
Swartz 2014 {published data only}
    1. Swartz AM, Rote AE, Welch WA, Maeda H, Hart TL, Cho YI, et al. Prompts to disrupt sitting time and increase physical activity at work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Preventing Chronic Disease 2014;11:E73. - PMC - PubMed
Tobin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tobin R, Leavy J, Jancey J. Uprising: An examination of sit‐stand workstations, mental health and work ability in sedentary office workers, in Western Australia. Work 2016;55(2):359‐71. - PubMed
Urda 2016 {published data only}
    1. Urda JL, Lynn JS, Gorman A, Larouere B. Effects of a minimal workplace intervention to reduce sedentary behaviors and improve perceived wellness in middle‐aged women office workers. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13:838‐44. - PubMed
van Berkel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Berkel J, Boot CR, Proper KI, Bongers PM, Beek AJ. Effectiveness of a worksite mindfulness‐related multi‐component health promotion intervention on work engagement and mental health: results of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2014;9(1):e84118. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Berkel J, Boot CR, Proper KI, Bongers PM, Beek AJ. Mindful "Vitality in Practice": an intervention to improve the work engagement and energy balance among workers; the development and design of the randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:736. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Berkel J, Boot CR, Proper KI, et al. Effectiveness of a worksite mindfulness‐based multi‐component intervention on lifestyle behaviours. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014; Vol. 11. - PMC - PubMed
Verweij 2012 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN73545254. Balance@Work: the cost effectiveness of an occupational health guideline to improve physical activity and dietary behaviour among workers in order to prevent weight gain. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN73545254 2009 (accessed 28 November 2015).
    1. Verweij LM, Proper KI, Weel AN, Hulshof CT, Mechelen W. Design of the Balance@Work project: systematic development, evaluation and implementation of an occupational health guideline aimed at the prevention of weight gain among employees. BMC Public Health 2009;9:461. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Verweij LM, Proper KI, Weel AN, Hulshof CT, Mechelen W. Long‐term effects of an occupational health guideline on employees' body weight‐related outcomes, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and quality of life: results from a randomised controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 2013;39(3):284‐94. - PubMed
    1. Verweij LM, Proper KI, Weel AN, Hulshof CT, Mechelen W. The application of an occupational health guideline reduces sedentary behaviour and increases fruit intake at work: results from an RCT. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;69(7):500‐7. - PubMed
    1. Wier MF, Verweij LM, Proper KI, Hulshof CT, Tulder MW, Mechelen W. Economic evaluation of an occupational health care guideline for prevention of weight gain among employees. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2013;55(9):1100. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aadahl 2015 {published data only}
    1. Aadahl M, Linneberg A, Møller TC, Rosenørn S, Dunstan DW, Witte DR, et al. Motivational counselling to reduce sitting time: a community‐based randomized controlled trial in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;47(5):576‐86. - PubMed
    1. NCT00289237. Lifestyle intervention in a general population for prevention of ischaemic heart disease. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00289237 2012 (accessed 1 December 2015).
Adams 2012 {published data only}
    1. Adams 2012. On our feet: Feasibility trial of an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity (PhD Thesis). Greensboro: The University of North Carolina, 2012.
    1. Melanie M. Adams MM, Davis PG, Gill DL. A hybrid online intervention for reducing sedentary behavior in obese women. Frontiers in Public Health 2013;1:45. - PMC - PubMed
Aittasalo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Suni J. The effectiveness of physical activity counselling in a work‐site setting. A randomised, controlled trial. Patient Education and Counselling 2004;55(2):193‐202. - PubMed
Alderman 2014 {published data only}
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Arrogi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arrogi A, Schotte A, Bogaerts A, Boen F, Seghers J. Short‐ and long‐term effectiveness of a three‐month individualized need‐supportive physical activity counseling intervention at the workplace.. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):52. - PMC - PubMed
Audrey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Audrey S, Cooper AR, Hollingworth W, Metcalfe C, Procter S, Davis A, et al. Study protocol: the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of an employer‐led intervention to increase walking during the daily commute: the Travel to Work randomised controlled trial. BMC public Health 2015;15:154. - PMC - PubMed
Barbieri 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barbieri DF, Srinivasan D, Mathiassen SE, Oliveira AB. Comparison of sedentary behaviors in office workers using sit‐stand tables with and without semiautomated position changes. Human Factors 2017;59(5):782‐95. - PubMed
Ben‐Ner 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ben‐Ner A, Hamann DJ, Koepp G, Manohar CU, Levine J. Treadmill workstations: the effects of walking while working on physical activity and work performance. PLoS ONE 2014;9(2):e88620. - PMC - PubMed
Berberien 2016 {published data only}
    1. Berberien V, Lowensteyn I. Evaluating the impact of a workplace wellness program on women: the experience at Merck Canada after one year. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2016;32(4):S1‐S2.
Biddle 2015 {published data only}
    1. Biddle SJ, Edwardson CL, Wilmot EG, Yates T, Gorely T, Bodicoat DH, et al. A randomised controlled trial to reduce sedentary time in young adults at risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: project STAND (Sedentary Time ANd Diabetes). PloS One 2015;10(12):e0143398. - PMC - PubMed
Bird 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bird ML, Shing C, Mainsbridge C, Cooley D, Pederson S. Activity behaviours of University staff in the workplace: A pilot study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2014 [Epub ahead of print];12(8):1128‐32. - PubMed
Bjorklund 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bjorklund M, Tronarp R, Granas M, Dahlgren G, McDonough S, Nyberg A, et al. Office‐cycling while working: an innovative concept to prevent and reduce musculoskeletal pain in office workers‐a controlled feasibility study. Physiotherapy 2015;101:eS155‐6.
Boreham 2005 {published data only}
    1. Boreham CA, Kennedy RA, Murphy MH, Tully M, Wallace WF, Young I. Training effects of short bouts of stair climbing on cardiorespiratory fitness, blood lipids, and homocysteine in sedentary young women. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2005;39(9):590‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Bouchard 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bouchard DR, Strachan S, Johnson L, Moola F, Chitkara R, McMillan D, et al. Using shared treadmill workstations to promote less time spent in daily low intensity physical activities: A pilot study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2015;8:[Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed
Brown 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brown DK, Barton JL, Pretty J, Gladwell VF. Walks4work: rationale and study design to investigate walking at lunchtime in the workplace setting. BMC Public Health 2012;12:550. - PMC - PubMed
Buchholz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Buchholz SW, Ingram D, Wilbur J, Fogg L, Sandi G, Moss A, et al. Bilingual Text4Walking food service employee intervention pilot study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2016;4(2):e68. - PMC - PubMed
Carr 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carr LJ, Karvinen K, Peavler M, Smith R, Cangelosi K. Multicomponent intervention to reduce daily sedentary time: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;3(10):e003261. - PMC - PubMed
Carter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carter SE, Jones M, Gladwell VF. Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2015;25(5):503‐9. - PubMed
Chae 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chae D, Kim S, Park Y, Hwang Y. The effects of an academic‐workplace partnership intervention to promote physical activity in sedentary office workers. Workplace Health & Safety 2015;63(6):259‐66. - PubMed
Cheema 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cheema BS, Houridis A, Busch L, Raschke‐Cheema V, Melville GW, Marshall PW, et al. Effect of an office worksite‐based yoga program on heart rate variability: outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013;13:82. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cheema BS, Marshall PW, Chang D, Colagiuri B, Machliss B. Effect of an office worksite‐based yoga program on heart rate variability: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:578. - PMC - PubMed
Chia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chia M, Chen B, Suppiah H. Office sitting made less sedentary – A future‐forward approach to reducing physical inactivity at work. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2015;4(2):5‐10.
Cifuentes 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cifuentes M, Jin Q, Fulmer S, Bello A. Facilitators and barriers to using treadmill workstations under real working conditions: a qualitative study in female office workers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2015;30(2):93‐100. - PubMed
Clemes 2014 {published data only}
    1. Clemes SA, Patel R, Mahon C, Griffiths PL. Sitting time and step counts in office workers. Occupational Medicine 2014;64(3):188‐92. - PubMed
DeCocker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cocker K, Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G, Vandelanotte C. Theory‐driven, web‐based, computer‐tailored advice to reduce and interrupt sitting at work: development, feasibility and acceptability testing among employee. BMC Public Health 2015;15(100968562):959. - PMC - PubMed
Dewa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dewa CS, Ruiter W, Chau N, Karioja K. Walking for wellness: using pedometers to decrease sedentary behaviour and promote mental health. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2009;11(2):24‐8.
Elmer 2014 {published data only}
    1. Elmer SJ, Martin JC. A cycling workstation to facilitate physical activity in office settings. Applied Ergonomics 2014;45(4):1240‐6. - PubMed
Engelen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Engelen L, Chau J, Bohn‐Goldbaum E, Young S, Hespe D, Bauman A. Is Active Design changing the workplace? ‐ a natural pre‐post experiment looking at health behaviour and workplace perceptions. Work 2017;56(2):229‐37. - PubMed
Fennell 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fennell C. The effects of a 16‐week exercise program and cell phone use on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health‐related outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2017;78:3‐B(E).
Foley 2016 {published data only}
    1. Foley B, Engelen L, Gale J, Bauman A, Mackey M. Sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal discomfort are reduced when office workers trial an activity based work environment. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 2016;58(9):924‐31. - PubMed
Freak‐Poli 2011 {published data only}
    1. Freak‐Poli R, Wolfe R, Backholer K, Courten M, Peeters A. Impact of a pedometer‐based workplace health program on cardiovascular and diabetes risk profile. Preventive Medicine 2011;53(3):162‐71. - PubMed
Ganesan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ganesan AN, Louise J, Horsfall M, Bilsborough SA, Hendriks J, McGavigan AD, et al. International mobile‐health intervention on physical activity, sitting, and weight: the Stepathlon cardiovascular health study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016;67(21):2453‐63. - PubMed
Gardner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gardner B, Smith L, Aggio D, Iliffe S, Fox KR, Jefferis BJ, et al. 'On Your Feet to Earn Your Seat': update to randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials 2015;16:330. - PMC - PubMed
Gilson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gilson N, Faulker G, Murphy M, Umstattd Meyer M, Ryde G, McCarthy K, et al. An international study of an automated web‐based walking program (Walk@Work) to increase workday step counts in lower active office workers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S235‐6.
Gilson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gilson N, Ng N, Pavey T, Ryde G, Straker L, Brown W. Project energise: the impact of real‐time prompts on sedentary and physically active work time in Australian office workers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2015;19:e10. - PubMed
Gilson ND 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gilson N, Suppini A, Ryde G, Brown H, Brown W. Do height adjustable 'hot' desks change sedentary work behaviour in an open plan office?. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2011;14:e24‐5.
    1. Gilson ND, Suppini A, Ryde GC, Brown HE, Brown WJ. Does the use of standing 'hot' desks change sedentary work time in an open plan office?. Preventive Medicine 2012;54(1):65‐7. - PubMed
Gorman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gorman E, Ashe MC, Dunstan DW, Hanson HM, Madden K, Winkler EA, et al. Does an 'activity‐permissive' workplace change office workers' sitting and activity time?. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e76723. - PMC - PubMed
Green 2016 {published data only}
    1. Green N, Sigurdsson S, Wilder DA. Decreasing bouts of prolonged sitting among office workers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2016;49(3):717‐22. - PubMed
Grunseit 2012 {published data only}
    1. Grunseit A, Chau J, Ploeg H, Bauman A. Thinking on your feet: a qualitative evaluation of an installation of sit‐stand desks in a medium‐sized workplace. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S195‐6.
Hadgraft 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hadgraft NT, Winkler EA, Healy GN, Lynch BM, Neuhaus, M, Eakin EG, et al. Intervening to reduce workplace sitting: mediating role of social‐cognitive constructs during a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017;14(1):27. - PMC - PubMed
Hedge 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hedge A, Ray EJ. Effect of an electronic height‐adjustable work surface on computer worker musculoskeletal discomfort and productivity. Proceedings of Human Factors & Ergonomic Society, 48th Annual Meeting 2004. SAGE publications, 2004.
Irvine 2011 {published data only}
    1. Irvine AB, Philips L, Seeley J, Wyant S, Duncan S, Moore RW. Get moving: a web site that increases physical activity of sedentary employees. American Journal of Health Promotion 2011;25(3):199‐206. - PMC - PubMed
Jancey 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jancey JM, McGann S, Creagh R, Blackford KD, Howat P, Tye M. Workplace building design and office‐based workers' activity: a study of a natural experiment. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2016;40(1):78‐82. - PMC - PubMed
John 2011 {published data only}
    1. John D, Thompson DL, Raynor H, Bielak K, Rider B, Bassett DR. Treadmill workstations: a worksite physical activity intervention in overweight and obese office workers. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2011;8(8):1034‐43. - PubMed
Jones 2017 {published data only}
    1. Jones CA. Examining the efficacy and feasibility of digital activity monitors and shared active desks to reduce employee sedentary behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2017;77:11‐B(E).
Júdice 2015 {published data only}
    1. Júdice PB, Hamilton MT, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Randomized controlled pilot of an intervention to reduce and break‐up overweight/obese adults’ overall sitting‐time. Trials 2015;16(1):490. - PMC - PubMed
Kennedy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy RA, Boreham CA, Murphy MH, Young IS, Mutrie N. Evaluating the effects of a low volume stair climbing programme on measures of health‐related fitness in sedentary office workers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2007;6(4):448‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Kerr 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kerr J, Takemoto M, Bolling K, Atkin A, Carlson J, Rosenberg D, et al. Two‐arm randomized pilot intervention trial to decrease sitting time and increase sit‐to‐stand transitions in working and non‐working older adults. Plos one 2016;11(1):e0145427. - PMC - PubMed
Koepp 2013 {published data only}
    1. Koepp GA, Manohar CU, McCrady‐Spitzer SK, Ben‐Ner A, Hamann DJ, Runge CF, et al. Treadmill desks: a 1‐year prospective trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21(4):705‐11. - PubMed
Lara 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lara A, Yancey AK, Tapia‐Conye R, Flores Y, Kuri‐Morales P, Mistry R, et al. Pausa para tu Salud: reduction of weight and waistlines by integrating exercise breaks into workplace organizational routine. Preventing Chronic Disease Epub 2008; Vol. 5, issue 1:A12. - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Liu Y. Supporting working time interruption management through persuasive design. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2016;77:3‐B(E).
Maeda 2014 {published data only}
    1. Maeda H, Quartiroli A, Vos PW, Carr LJ, Mahar MT. Feasibility of retrofitting a university library with active workstations to reduce sedentary behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;46(5):525‐8. - PubMed
Mahmud 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mahmud N, Kenny DT, Md Zein R, Hassan SN. The effects of office ergonomic training on musculoskeletal complaints, sickness absence, and psychological well‐being: a cluster randomized control trial. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Public Health 2015;27(2):NP1652‐68. - PubMed
Mainsbridge 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mainsbridge CP, Cooley PD, Fraser SP, Pedersen SJ. The effect of an e‐health intervention designed to reduce prolonged occupational sitting on mean arterial pressure. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2014;56(11):1189‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Mair 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mair JL, Boreham CA, Ditroilo M, McKeown D, Lowery MM, Caulfield B, et al. Benefits of a worksite or home‐based bench stepping intervention for sedentary middle‐aged adults ‐ a pilot study. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2014;34(1):10‐7. - PubMed
Marshall 2003 {published data only}
    1. Marshall AL, Leslie ER, Bauman AE, Marcus BH, Owen N. Print versus web site physical activity programs: a randomised trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;25(2):88‐94. - PubMed
McAlpine 2007 {published data only}
    1. McAlpine DA, Manohar CU, McCrady SK, Hensrud D, Levine JA. An office‐place stepping device to promote workplace physical activity. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2007;41(12):903‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Miyachi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Miyachi M, Kurita S, Tripette J, Takahara R, Yagi Y, Murakami H. Installation of a stationary high desk in the workplace: effect of a 6‐week intervention on physical activity. BMC Public Health 2015;15:368. - PMC - PubMed
    1. UMIN000016731. Installation of a stationary high desk in the workplace: effect of a 6‐week intervention on physical activity. UMIN‐CTR Clinical Trial (accessed 3 June 2015). - PMC - PubMed
NCT01221363 {published data only}
    1. NCT01221363. Reduction of sitting time ‐ a randomised controlled intervention study. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01221363 (accessed 15 March 2014).
Ognibene 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ognibene GT, Torres W, Eyben R, Horst KC. Impact of a sit‐stand workstation on chronic low back pain: results of a randomized trial. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2016;58(3):287‐93. - PubMed
Opdenacker 2008 {published data only}
    1. Opdenacker J, Boen F. Effectiveness of face‐to‐face versus telephone support in increasing physical activity and mental health among university employees. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2008;5(6):830‐43. - PubMed
Ouyang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ouyang P, Stewart KJ, Bedra ME, York S, Valdiviezo C, Finkelstein J. Text messaging to reduce inactivity using real‐time step count monitoring in sedentary overweight females. Circulation 2015;131:AMP10.
Parry S 2013 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000743864. Can a participatory workplace intervention improve sedentary behaviour and physical activity in office workers?. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000743864.aspx (accessed 14 March 2014).
    1. Parry S, Straker L, Gilson ND, Smith AJ. Participatory workplace interventions can reduce sedentary time for office workers ‐ a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e78957. - PMC - PubMed
Pilcher 2017 {published data only}
    1. Pilcher JJ, Morris DM, Bryant SA, Merritt PA, Feigl HB. Decreasing sedentary behavior: effects on academic performance, meta‐cognition, and sleep. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2017;11(101478481):219. - PMC - PubMed
Poirier 2016 {published data only}
    1. Poirier J, Bennett WL, Jerome GJ, Shah NG, Lazo M, Yeh HC, et al. Effectiveness of an activity tracker‐ and internet‐based adaptive walking program for adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(2):e34. - PMC - PubMed
Pronk 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pronk NP, Katz AS, Lowry M, Payfer JR. Reducing occupational sitting time and improving worker health: the Take‐a‐Stand Project. Preventing Chronic Disease 2012;9:e154. - PMC - PubMed
Roossien 2017 {published data only}
    1. Roossien CC, Stegenga J, Hodselmans AP, Spook SM, Koolhaas W, Brouwer S, et al. Can a smart chair improve the sitting behavior of office workers?. Applied Ergonomics 2017;65:355‐61. - PubMed
Schwartz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Schwartz B, Kapellusch JM, Schrempf A, Probst K, Haller M, Baca A. Effect of a novel two‐desk sit‐to‐stand workplace (ACTIVE OFFICE) on sitting time, performance and physiological parameters: protocol for a randomized control trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16(100968652):578. - PMC - PubMed
Slootmaker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Slootmaker SM, Chinapaw MJ, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC, Mechelen W. Feasibility and effectiveness of online physical activity advice based on a personal activity monitor: randomised controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(3):e27. - PMC - PubMed
Sternfeld 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sternfeld B, Block C, Quesenberry CP Jr, Block TJ, Husson G, Norris JC, et al. Improving diet and physical activity with ALIVE: a worksite randomised trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;36(6):475‐83. - PubMed
Straker 2013 {published data only}
    1. Straker L, Abbott R, Heiden M, Mathiassen S, Toomingas A. Sit‐stand desks and sedentary behavior in Swedish call centre workers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S194.
    1. Straker L, Abbott RA, Heiden M, Mathiassen SE, Toomingas A. Sit‐stand desks in call centres: associations of use and ergonomics awareness with sedentary behavior. Applied Ergonomics 2013;44(4):517‐22. - PubMed
Taylor 2016 {published data only}
    1. Taylor WC, Paxton RJ, Shegog R, Coan SP, Dubin A, Page T, et al. Impact of booster breaks and computer prompts on physical activity and sedentary behavior among desk‐based workers: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Preventing Chronic Disease 2016;13(101205018):E155. - PMC - PubMed
Thogersen‐Ntoumani 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01150084. Step by Step: a feasibility study of the promotion of lunchtime walking to increase physical activity and improve mental well‐being in sedentary employees. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01150084 (accessed 15 March 2014).
    1. Thogersen‐Ntoumani C, Loughren E, Duda J, Fox KR. "Step by Step": a feasibility study of a lunchtime walking intervention designed to increase walking, improve mental well‐being and work performance in sedentary employees: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2010;10:578. - PMC - PubMed
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Thompson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Thompson WG, Koepp GA, Levine JA. Increasing physician activity with treadmill desks. Work 2014; Vol. 48, issue 1:47‐51. - PubMed
Thorp 2015 {published data only}
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Torbeyns 2016 {published data only}
    1. Torbeyns T, Geus B, Bailey S, Pauw K, Decroix L, Cutsem J, et al. Bike desks in the office: Physical health, cognitive function, work engagement, and work performance. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 2016;58(12):1257‐63. - PubMed
Torbeyns 2017 {published data only}
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Tucker 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tucker S, Farrington M, Lanningham‐Foster LM, Clark MK, Dawson C, Quinn GJ. Worksite physical activity intervention for ambulatory clinic nursing staff. Workplace Health & Safety 2016;64(7):313‐25. - PubMed
vanNassau 2015 {published data only}
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Wirick 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wirick SE. The promotion of regular exercise behavior among sedentary emerging adults based on social cognitive theory. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2016;76:7‐B(E).
Yancey 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yancey AK, McCarthy WJ, Taylor WC, Merlo A, Gewa C, Weber MD, et al. The Los Angeles Lift Off: a sociocultural environmental change intervention to integrate physical activity into the workplace. Preventive Medicine 2004;38(6):848‐56. - PubMed
Østerås 2005 {published data only}
    1. Østerås H, Sigbjørn H. The effectiveness of a pragmatic worksite physical activity program on maximal oxygen consumption and the physical activity level in healthy people. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 2006;10(1):51‐7.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Carpenter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter K, Feltes L, Vuing B, Kalbes A, Koepp G, Dutta N, et al. Effect of sit‐stand workstations on metabolic risk in sedentary workers: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the Federation of American societies for Experimental Biology 2015;29:supplement 1.
Dutta 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dutta N, Koepp G, Schmitz C, Stovitz SD, Levine JA, Pereira MA. Impact of adjustable sit‐stand workstations on physical activity in sedentary office workers. Diabetes 2013;62:A186.
Kirk 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kirk A, Fitzsimons C, Murphy M, Mutrie N. Effect of a person centred consultation intervention to reduce the sedentary behaviour of working Scottish adults. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S314.
NCT02932787 {published data only}
    1. NCT02932787. Effects of installing height‐adjustable workstations on office workers workplace sitting time and productivity. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02932787 (accessed 12 September 2017).

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12612001290886 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001290886. The effectiveness of the 10,000 Steps workplace challenge in increasing health outcomes for employees at Rockhampton Regional Council. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612001290886.aspx (accessed 15 March 2014).
ACTRN12614000252617 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000252617. Comparison of organisational support vs. organisational plus technology support for reducing prolonged sitting in the office workplace. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12614000252617.aspx (accessed 15 March 2014).
Bergman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bergman F, Boraxbekk CJ, Wennberg P, Sörlin A Olsson T. Increasing physical activity in office workers – the Inphact Treadmill study; a study protocol for a 13‐month randomized controlled trial of treadmill workstations. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):632. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01997970. NEAT ‐ Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity. (InphactUm). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01997970 (accessed 3 June 2015).
Buman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Buman MP, Mullane SL, Toledo MJ, Rydell SA, Gaesser GA, Crespo NC, et al. An intervention to reduce sitting and increase light‐intensity physical activity at work: design and rationale of the 'Stand & Move at Work' group randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;53:11‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02566317. Stand & Move at Work. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02566317 (accessed 12 September 2017).
Finkelstein 2015 {published data only}
    1. Finkelstein EA, Sahasranaman A, John G, Haaland, BA, Bilger M, Sloan RA, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of participants in the TRial of Economic Incentives to Promote Physical Activity (TRIPPA): a randomized controlled trial of a six month pedometer program with financial incentives. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;41:238‐47. - PubMed
    1. NCT01855776. A randomized trial of economic incentives to promote walking among full time employees. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01855776 (accessed 12 September 2017).
Finni 2011 {published data only}
    1. Finni T, Saakslahti A, Laukkanen A, Pesola A, Sipilä S. A family based tailored counselling to increase non‐exercise physical activity in adults with a sedentary job and physical activity in their young children: design and methods of a year‐long randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011; Vol. 11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN28668090. Actions to reduce sedentary time in parents and their young children. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN28668090 (accessed 15 March 2014).
Hall 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hall J, Mansfield L, Kay T, McConnell AK. The effect of a sit‐stand workstation intervention on daily sitting, standing and physical activity: protocol for a12 month workplace randomised control trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15:152. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02172599. Take a stand for workplace health: A sit‐stand workstation project evaluation. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02172599?term=workplace+and+sitti... (accessed 3 June 2015).
ISRCTN25767399 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN25767399. Impact of Booster Breaks on physical activity among sedentary employees: a cluster randomized controlled trial. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN25767399 (accessed 3 June 2015).
Mackey 2011 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000301066. Walking to Wellness in an ageing sedentary university community. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12610000301066.aspx (accessed 15 March 2014).
    1. Mackey M, Bohle P, Taylor P, Biase T, McLoughlin C, Purnell K. 'Walking to wellness' in an ageing sedentary university community‐a randomised controlled feasibility study. Physiotherapy. 2011; Vol. 97:eS733‐eS4.
    1. Mackey MG, Bohle P, Taylor P, Biase T, McLoughlin C, Purnell K. Walking to wellness in an ageing sedentary university community: design, method and protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(2):273‐9. - PubMed
Mantzari 2016 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN44827407. Does using sit‐stand desks at work affect how many calories people burn and how much time they spend sitting over the entire day? A feasibility study. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN44827407 (accessed 12 September 2017).
    1. Mantzari E, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Marteau TM. Impact of sit‐stand desks at work on energy expenditure and sedentary time: protocol for a feasibility study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2016;2(30):eCollection. - PMC - PubMed
Martin‐Borras 2014 {published data only}
    1. Borras CM, Garriga MG, Martinez E, Cantera CM, Puigdoménech E, Solà M, et al. Effectiveness of a primary care‐based intervention to reduce sitting time in overweight and obese patients (SEDESTACTIV): a randomised controlled trial; rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2014; Vol. 14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01729936. SedestActiv Project: intervention to reduce diary hours of sitting time in overweight and obese patients. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01729936 (accessed 15 March 2014).
NCT01787643 {published data only}
    1. NCT01787643. Standing behavior after installation of height‐adjustable desks. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01787643 (accessed 15 March 2014).
NCT01846013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01846013. Increasing workplace physical activity in sedentary office workers. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01846013 (accessed 15 March 2014).
NCT02376504 {published data only}
    1. NCT02376504. Modifying the workplace to decrease sedentary behavior and improve health. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02376504?term=workplace+and+sitti... (accessed 3 June 2015).
NCT02609282 {published data only}
    1. NCT02609282. The impact of hourly prompts on reducing prolonged sitting at work. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02609282 (accessed 12 September 2017).
NCT02785640 {published data only}
    1. NCT02785640. A study to assess the impact of a multicomponent intervention to reduce prolonged sitting in the workplace. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02785640 (accessed 12 September 2017).
NCT03236597 {published data only}
    1. NCT03236597. Assessing the effects of treadmill and sit‐to‐stand desks on light physical activity, sitting time, and cardio‐metabolic risk. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03236597 (accessed 12 September 2017).
O’Connell 2015 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN10967042. SMArT Work: Stand More AT Work. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10967042 (accessed 25 December 2015).
    1. O’Connell SE, Jackson BR, Edwardson CL, Yates T, Biddle SJH, Davies MJ, et al. Providing NHS staff with height‐adjustable workstations and behaviour change strategies to reduce workplace sitting time:protocol for the Stand More AT (SMArT)Work cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1219. - PMC - PubMed
Radas 2013 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000366752. Reducing sedentary behaviour in office workers. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363960 (accessed 15 March 2014).
    1. Radas A, Mackey M, Leaver A, Bouvier AL, Chau JY, Shirley D, et al. Evaluation of ergonomic and education interventions to reduce occupational sitting in office‐based university workers: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013; Vol. 14. - PMC - PubMed
Van Hoye 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hoye K, Boen F, Lefevre J. The effects of physical activity feedback on behavior and awareness in employees: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2012;2012:10. - PMC - PubMed

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