Dissociation debates: everything you know is wrong
- PMID: 30581293
- PMCID: PMC6296396
- DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.3/rloewenstein
Dissociation debates: everything you know is wrong
Abstract
Controversy about dissociation and the dissociative disorders (DD) has existed since the beginning of modern psychiatry and psychology. Even among professionals, beliefs about dissociation/DD often are not based on the scientific literature. Multiple lines of evidence support a powerful relationship between dissociation/DD and psychological trauma, especially cumulative and/or early life trauma. Skeptics counter that dissociation produces fantasies of trauma, and that DD are artefactual conditions produced by iatrogenesis and/or socio-cultural factors. Almost no research or clinical data support this view. DD are common in general and clinical populations and represent a major underserved population with a substantial risk for suicidal and self-destructive behavior. Prospective treatment outcome studies of severely ill DD patients show significant improvement in symptoms including suicidal/self-destructive behaviors, with reductions in treatment cost. A major public health effort is needed to raise awareness about dissociation/DD, including educational efforts in all mental health training programs and increased funding for research.
La controversia acerca de la disociación y de los trastornos disociativos (TD) ha existido desde el inicio de la psiquiatría y de la psicología modernas. Incluso entre los profesionales, las creencias sobre la disociación / TD a menudo no se basan en la literatura científica. Múltiples líneas de evidencia apoyan una relación poderosa entre disociación / TD y trauma psicológico, especialmente el trauma acumulativo y / o el que ocurre en la infancia. En oposición, los escépticos plantean que la disociación produce fantasías de trauma y que los TD constituyen condiciones artificiales producidas por la iatrogénesis y / o por factores socioculturales. Casi ninguna investigación o datos clínicos apoyan esta opinión. Los TD son comunes tanto en poblaciones generales como clínicas y representan un importante grupo desatendido que tiene un alto riesgo de comportamiento suicida y de conductas autodestructivas. Los estudios prospectivos de resultados del tratamiento de pacientes con TD grave muestran una mejoría significativa en los síntomas, incluídos los comportamientos suicidas / autodestructivos, con reducciones en el costo del tratamiento. Se requiere de un gran esfuerzo de salud pública para aumentar la conciencia acerca de la disociación / TD, incluyendo los esfuerzos educacionales en todos los programas de capacitación en salud mental y un mayor financiamiento para la investigación.
Les controverses au sujet de la dissociation et des troubles dissociatifs (TD) existent depuis les débuts de la psychologie et de la psychiatrie modernes. Même parmi les professionnels, les croyances au sujet de la dissociation et des TD sont rarement fondées sur la littérature scientifique. De nombreuses sources de données appuient la thèse d'une relation forte entre dissociation, TD et traumatisme psychologique, surtout quand celui-ci est cumulatif et/ou survenu dans l'enfance. Pour les sceptiques, la dissociation génère des traumatismes fictifs et les TD sont des maladies artificielles provoquées par des facteurs iatrogènes et/ou socioculturels. Pratiquement aucune donnée clinique ou de recherche ne vient conforter cette thèse. Les TD sont répandus dans la population générale et la population clinique, et touchent un nombre important de sujets sous-médicalisés pour lesquels le risque de suicide et de comportement auto-destructeur est élevé. Des études prospectives de résultats cliniques sur des patients sévèrement atteints de TD montrent une amélioration significative des symptômes, dont les comportements suicidaires et auto-destructeurs, avec une diminution des coûts de traitement. Un effort majeur de santé publique est nécessaire pour augmenter la vigilance sur la dissociation et les TD, y compris des efforts d'éducation dans tous les programmes de formation sur la santé mentale ainsi qu'une augmentation des fonds destinés à la recherche.
Keywords: amnesia; controversy; dissociation; dissociative disorder; dissociative identity disorder; dissociative theoretical model; trauma.
Similar articles
-
Somatoform dissociation and posttraumatic stress syndrome - two sides of the same medal? A comparison of symptom profiles, trauma history and altered affect regulation between patients with functional neurological symptoms and patients with PTSD.BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 11;17(1):248. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1414-z. BMC Psychiatry. 2017. PMID: 28693577 Free PMC article.
-
An Online Educational Program for Individuals With Dissociative Disorders and Their Clinicians: 1-Year and 2-Year Follow-Up.J Trauma Stress. 2019 Feb;32(1):156-166. doi: 10.1002/jts.22370. Epub 2019 Jan 30. J Trauma Stress. 2019. PMID: 30698858 Free PMC article.
-
What contributes to predicting change in the treatment of dissociation: initial levels of dissociation, PTSD, or overall distress?J Trauma Dissociation. 2013;14(3):328-41. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2012.736929. J Trauma Dissociation. 2013. PMID: 23627481
-
Dissociation in children and adolescents as reaction to trauma--an overview of conceptual issues and neurobiological factors.Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;59(2):79-91. doi: 10.1080/08039480510022963. Nord J Psychiatry. 2005. PMID: 16195104 Review.
-
[Dissociative disorders: from Janet to DSM-IV].Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2000;102(1):1-12. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2000. PMID: 10810882 Review. Japanese.
Cited by
-
Case Report: Anomalous Experience in a Dissociative Identity and Borderline Personality Disorder.Front Psychiatry. 2022 Jul 18;13:662290. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.662290. eCollection 2022. Front Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 35923455 Free PMC article.
-
Dissociative Amnesia: A Mist Over Psychosis.Cureus. 2023 Sep 3;15(9):e44619. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44619. eCollection 2023 Sep. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37799250 Free PMC article.
-
In a UK sample, EMDR and other trauma therapists indicate beliefs in unconscious repression and dissociative amnesia.Memory. 2025 May;33(5):542-565. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2025.2498929. Epub 2025 May 11. Memory. 2025. PMID: 40350801 Free PMC article.
-
Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder: Recent Experimental, Neurobiological Studies, and Implications for Future Research and Treatment.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021 Apr 28;23(6):37. doi: 10.1007/s11920-021-01246-8. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021. PMID: 33909198 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The Mediating Role of Affect Dysregulation and Dissociation in the Relationship Between Attachment and Compulsive Online Shopping: A Path Analysis Model.Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024 Jun;21(3):217-224. doi: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240307. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38988680 Free PMC article.
References
-
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5 ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2013.
-
- Loewenstein RJ., Frewen PA., Lewis-Fernández R. Dissociative Disorders. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, eds. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Vol 1. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkens. 2017:1866–1952.
-
- Ellenberger HF. The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York, NY: Basic Books. 1970.
-
- Dalenberg CJ., Brand BL., Gleaves DH., et al. Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(3):550–588. - PubMed
-
- Waller NG., Putnam FW., Carlson EB. Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxonometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(3):300–321.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical