Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat

Abstract

The metabolic shift in cholinesterase activity and inhibitor of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones were hypothesized as resultant effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) which is clinically characterized by a movement disorder. This study therefore examined the effect of turmeric curcumin (CUR) on index of PD, acetylcholine esterase activity and disorder of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormone (HPGH) in Bisphenol-A induced injury using animal model. Forty adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into five (n = 8) groups. Group I: vehicle control (olive oil 0.5 ml), Group II was given 50 mg/kg of BPA only, Group III was given 50 mg/kg BPA + 50 mg/kg curcumin, Group IV was given 50 mg/kg BPA + 100 mg/kg curcumin and Group V was administered 50 mg/kg of curcumin only for 14 days. The study examined the effect of curcumin on acetylcholineesterase (AChE) activity, nitric oxide radical (NO^•) production, HPGH (LH, FSH and testosterone), MDA level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), in BPA induced male rat. Sperm parameters were similarly examined. The animals induced with BPA exhibited impairment to striatum, leydig cells and sertoli cells by depleting LH, FSH, testosterone and spermatozoa with reduced AChE activity and significant (p < 0.05) alteration in cerebral enzymatic antioxidants. Locomotive activity was impeded followed by the increase of brain NO^• level (marker of pro-inflammation). Therapeutically, CUR promoted hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular hormones via modulation of AChE and locomotive activities, reduction of intracellular NO^• level, prevention of striatum-endocrine injury as well as oxidative damage. Hence, CUR abolished HPGH dysfunction linked with PD mediated by BPA in rat.

Keywords: Bisphenol-A; Curcumin; Hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal hormones; Parkinson's disease, rat model.

Fig. 1

Effect of BPA on the locomotive activity (indicator of PD) and its attenuation by turmeric curcumin in the rats after one week, shown by the number of rearings. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bars are not significant (p > 0.05) in relation to BPA induced group.

Fig. 2

Effect of BPA on the locomotive activity (indicator of PD) and its attenuation by turmeric curcumin in the rats after two weeks, shown by the number of rearings. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to control group, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA-treated group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3

Effect of turmeric curcumin on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in animal induced with Bisphenol-A. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to the control, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA treated group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4

Effect of turmeric curcumin on Nitric oxide (NO) concentration in animal induced with Bisphenol-A. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to the control, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA induced group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5

Effect of curcumin administration on serum luteinizing hormone in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 6

Effect of curcumin administration on serum follicle stimulating hormone in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 7

Effect of curcumin administration on serum testosterone in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 8

Effect of curcumin administration on daily sperm production in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 9

Effect of curcumin administration on sperm motility in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 10

Effect of curcumin administration on sperm count in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 11

Effect of curcumin administration on total sperm deformity in animals exposed to BPA for 14 days. Mean ± S.D, (n = 8). Bars with different asterisks are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Fig. 12

Effect of turmeric curcumin malonaildehyde (MDA) content in animal induced with Bisphenol-A. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to the control, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA-treated group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 13

Effect of turmeric curcumin on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in animal induced with Bisphenol-A. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to the control, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA-treated group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 14

Effect of turmeric curcumin on catalase (CAT) activity in animal induced with Bisphenol-A. The values were expressed as the means ± SD (n = 8). Bar with asterisk (*) is significant in relation to the control, while bars with the number sign (#) are significant in relation to the BPA treated group (p < 0.05).

Fig. 15

(X 400): Group 1 (CONTROL), the straitum showed no significant lesion. Group 2 (50 mg/kg BPA), the striatum showed disseminated congestion (neuronal damage) especially at microcirculation (Long arrow). Group 3 (50 mg/kg BPA + 50 mg/kg CUR), the straitum showed area of red neurones (short arrow). Group 4 (50 mg/kg BPA + 100 mg/kg CUR), the straitum showed no significant lesion. Group 5 (50 mg/kg CUR), the striatum showed no significant lesion.

Fig. 16

(X 400): Testicular photomicrograph of Group 1 (CONTROL) animals showed normal spermotogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa and sertoli cells, while the interstitia have the leydig cells. Also, there was active cell division and maturation of the germ cells as evidenced in abundance of terminally differentiated cells (spermatozoa) (arrow). The leydig cells were normal; Group 2 (50 mg/kg BPA), the interstitia harboring the leydig cells showed mild edema (arrows) resulting in reduced spermatogenesis, depletion of spermatocytes, and spermatogenesis varied from weak to arrest in some seminiferous tubules and impairment of active cell division and maturation of germ cells; Group 3 (50 mg/kg BPA + 50 mg/kg CUR), the seminiferous epithelium consists of normal spermotogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa and sertoli cells, while the interstitia have the normal leydig cells (arrow). There was also active cell division and maturation of the germ cells as evidenced in abundance of terminally differentiated cells (spermatozoa); Group 4 (50 mg/kg BPA + 100 mg/kg CUR), the seminiferous epithelium consists of normal spermotogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa and sertoli cells, while the interstitia have the leydig cells. Also, there was active cell division and maturation of the germ cells as evidenced in abundance of terminally differentiated cells (spermatozoa). The leydig cells were normal (arrow); Group 5 (50 mg/kg CUR), the seminiferous epithelium consists of normal spermotogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa and sertoli cells, while the interstitia have the leydig cells. Also, there was active cell division and maturation of the germ cells as evidenced in abundance of terminally differentiated cells (spermatozoa). The leydig cells were normal (arrow).